Ovarian cancer ranks seventh in incidence of malignant neoplasms in women younger than 65 years and is the leading cause of cancer death in women in the United States. Due to the absence of an effective screening method and early symptoms, 70% of the cases are diagnosed in advanced clinical stage (stage III or IV) and the overall 5-year survival is 30-40%.
The standard treatment of locally advanced ovarian carcinoma is primary cytoreductive surgery plus adjuvant chemotherapy with carboplatin and taxanes. In cases where it is not possible to perform primary cytoreductive surgery a treatment option is to start with induction chemotherapy (three or four cycles), in order to reduce tumor size and volume, after which it is performed an interval surgery, during which it has been reported that optimal cytoreduction is achieved in 77-94% of patients, with lower morbidity and mortality than primary surgery, without oncological compromise. Subsequent to interval surgery three additional cycles of chemotherapy are applied.
Despite an adequate response to the treatment aforementioned, 70% of patients will recur within the first two years. Because of this high recurrence rate, other therapeutic alternatives have been evaluated, among them is hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). Since its first description 20 years ago, the HIPEC associated with cytoreductive surgery in the treatment of malignant neoplasms (primary or metastatic) in the peritoneal surface has become the standard of treatment, specifically in patients with peritoneal pseudomyxoma, peritoneal mesothelioma, and cancer with limited peritoneal involvement. In ovarian cancer, attempts are being made to determine its usefulness in specific scenarios of this disease.
The increasing interest in the use of HIPEC in the management of advanced ovarian cancer is based on the coelomic dissemination of ovarian cancer, which in theory would allow this modality of treatment to be effective. Moreover, optimal cytoreduction and administration of intraperitoneal chemotherapy over intravenous (intraperitoneal normothermy) have been shown to be superior in achieving higher survival rates in randomised trials.
Few groups in the world have studied the use of HIPEC in ovarian cancer, however, studies have been (and are being conducted) in the following scenarios: a) during primary cytoreduction, b) during interval laparotomy, c) as consolidation after standard treatment, d) recurrence of platinum resistant carcinoma and e) in the recurrence of "platinum sensitive" carcinoma. The morbidity of this procedure reported in different series is 33-39%, and mortality of 0-9%. The feasibility of the procedure with low rates of morbidity and mortality has been reported, specially when the treatment is done by a multidisciplinary group especially trained in HIPEC.
The present project is a Phase II, randomised study whose primary objective is to evaluate the morbidity, mortality, and quality of life of patients undergoing HIPEC during the surgery with optimal surgical cytoreduction. One group will be treated with cytoreduction and adjuvant chemotherapy, while the experimental group will be treated with cytoreduction followed by HIPEC. Our secondary objectives are the assessment of the disease-free period and overall survival. The working hypothesis is that the use of HIPEC during interval surgery will have a morbidity considered as acceptable as reported in the literature without significant deterioration in the quality of life.
The importance of evaluating this new therapeutic tool is that any of the current treatments for ovarian cancer have a high rate of recurrence. Based in the evidence, biological behaviour and pattern of dissemination of ovarian cancer, treatment should incorporate both systemic and locoregional therapy, because the neoplasm spreads via coelomic, lymphatic and hematogenous. The use of HIPEC together with the surgical event of cytoreduction could avoid recurrence and allow us to distinguish those patients who are candidates for this procedure and their actual benefit.
