Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as glucose intolerance of any degree with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. In Singapore, 20-30% of pregnant women are affected by GDM. If poorly controlled, GDM is associated with various maternal and perinatal morbidities such as increased cesarean deliveries, preeclampsia, preterm labour, macrosomia, neonatal hypoglycemia etc. It is well recognized now that GDM is also associated with long-term metabolic complications in mothers and offspring. Women with a history of GDM have increased risk of GDM in subsequent pregnancies, and at high risk of developing Type 2 diabetes after pregnancy. Infants born to mothers with GDM are also at increased risk of developing obesity and diabetes in later life. An increasing number of studies, including studies in Singapore, suggest that screening and management of GDM can be cost-effective, although these results are highly dependent on intervention efficacy.
In Singapore, individuals with GDM are first advised to adopt diet modification, and if glycemic control is not on target despite diet control, insulin therapy is the next line of treatment. In all cases, patients need to perform self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) to guide treatment decisions. These strategies aim to reduce the risks maternal and perinatal complications. In addition to that, preventing excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) is another important goal in women with GDM. This is because excessive GWG is not only associated with higher risks of delivering a large for gestational age infant, but is also the strongest risk factor for postpartum weight retention, and an important predictor for future development of Type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle intervention programs have been shown to be effective in reducing GWG in pregnant women.
One thing in common among diet modification, SMBG and achieving optimum GWG is that they involve self-management, and hence require a certain degree of self-efficacy in women with GDM. To achieve this in the National University Hospital (NUH), patients are referred to a gestational diabetes clinic for education. At this time, if the patient's plasma glucose at 0 minute and/or 120 minutes of a 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is \<7.0 mmol/L and \<11.1 mmol/L respectively, this is conducted in a group teaching session lasting 1 - 1.5 hours, with 4 - 6 patients per group, led by a diabetes nurse educator and a dietitian. If the patient's plasma glucose at 0 minutes and/or 120 minutes of a 75g OGTT is ≥7.0 and ≥11.1 mmol/L respectively, this is conducted in an individual session lasting 1 hour with a diabetes nurse educator and a dietitian. Patients are initiated on capillary glucose monitoring, typically 7 times a day, 2-3 days in a week. Subsequently, their care is provided by their obstetrician until such time as the obstetrician feels that insulin is required, in which case they are often referred back to the endocrinology service for the initiation and management of insulin therapy. Capillary glucose monitoring is carried out using a glucometer that is purchased by the patient, and the patient duly records blood glucose on a paper record which will be shown to her obstetrician at the clinic appointments every 2 - 4 weeks. In addition, weight is generally monitored at the clinic visit. Advice on diet and lifestyle modification is provided by the obstetrician based on the results of capillary glucose monitoring at the clinic visit. In between appointments, there is limited interaction between healthcare providers unless the patient identifies a problem and contacts the provider.
This arrangement has some limitations. Firstly, it has been demonstrated that spacing learning activities over a period of time improves encoding and long term retention of information. As such, the current method of providing all the education that a patient needs in a single session is less likely to be optimal for retention of information. Secondly, the collection of information (through capillary glucose monitoring) is often separated from any feedback from health care providers by days or weeks. In general, the lifestyle activities (whether diet or physical activities) which generate any abnormal blood glucose results occur in close proximity to the glucose readings (often hours before rather than weeks). By the time feedback is received, the patient often does not recall the events that generated the abnormal readings. More importantly, it does not provide any meaningful feedback to the patient that allows modification of the risk of an episode of hyperglycemia. In fact, this generates a significant amount of distress for the patient. It has been shown that the distress perceived in response to a stressor is much greater when the person experiencing the stressor does not have a way to control the occurrence of the stressor. In this context, the lack of timely feedback that is actionable related to blood glucose or weight, results in significant distress on the part of patients and results in a failure to adhere to efforts to monitor or control blood glucose. In a recent mixed-methods feasibility study to assess acceptability of mobile-application based support tool for women with GDM in NUH, most reported significant stress from the burden of management and desire for supporting tools that would aid control of blood glucose as an adjunct to self-monitoring.
It is the investigators' hypothesis that by providing education that is spaced out over 1-2 weeks and providing feedback that is timely and actionable to the patient, it will improve adherence to lifestyle modification, reduce patient distress and improve clinical outcomes for women with GDM.
Singapore has among the highest smartphone use in the world, with a smartphone adoption rate of 88%. Such widespread adoption of mobile phones and smartphone provides a promising opportunity to improve diabetes care and self-management, and to intervene on weight-related behaviors in new and exciting ways. There is emerging evidence that mobile technologies improve outcomes in patients with diabetes in the short term.
For these reasons, the investigators have developed a mobile application to aid in the management of GDM. This is carried out with a company called Jana Care. Jana Care has developed the Habits Program (http://www.habitsprogram.com), a lifestyle coaching program which is available on Apple App Store and Google Play, two of the most commonly used smartphone app platforms. This was developed based on the Diabetes Prevention Program and Look-AHEAD Trial. It targets behavioral change by providing a personalized diabetes management program which consists of 12 interactive video lessons, diet, physical activity and weight tracking tools, interactive messaging platform with the lifestyle coaches, and daily short messaging tips. It interfaces with the Aina device, a novel hardware sensor that plugs into any smartphone and can be used to measure blood glucose. The glucose readings measured are automatically transferred to the Habits Program application. It is able to generate weekly reports for patients to assess their progress.
In 2013, a pilot study was conducted by Madras Diabetes Research Foundation \& Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Center, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Non-communicable Diseases, International Diabetes Federation Center for Education, Chennai, in collaboration with Jana Care, to look at the effect of the Habits Program on changes in weight, caloric intake and physical activity in 64 overweight adults at high-risk of developing diabetes, over a period of 16 weeks. The participants achieved moderate weight loss of 4.2%, up to a maximum of 11kg. Average daily calorie and fat intake decreased by 28% and 44% respectively, while daily physical activity increased from 3438 steps (week 1) to 8459 steps (week 16) (p\<0.05). Statistics collected by Jana Care from commercial deployment with approximately 13,000 individuals also showed self-reported weight loss of 4.3% and physical activity improvement of 26% at 12 weeks. Another randomized-control trial to assess the effectiveness of the program is currently underway in India, funded by the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, in collaboration with Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai and All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Delhi.
The Habits Program, however, is not specifically designed for the management of GDM. Working with the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology we have developed a workflow to manage patients with GDM by optimizing blood glucose control through lifestyle modification and achieving optimal GWG. We have worked with Jana Care to develop 'Habits-GDM' - an app modified from the Habits Program which is designed specifically to support this workflow, which takes into account the nutritional requirements and limitations on exercise during pregnancy, and the need to prevent excessive weight gain (as opposed to weight loss in the original Habits Program). The program has been customized for use in Singapore including translation (with modification of messaging) and a Singapore food database.
The investigators hypothesize that the use of a web/smartphone-based coaching program specific for the management of GDM can improve clinical outcomes among women with GDM. The investigators propose to conduct a randomised clinical trial to study the efficacy of the Habits-GDM program in clinical practice in Singapore. The primary outcome would be the percentage of patients who have excessive gestational weight gain (EGWG) according to the 2009 US Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines.
GDM provides an ideal clinical scenario for the use of smartphone technologies to improve self-efficacy and clinical outcomes. In Singapore, women of child bearing age well versed with using smartphone apps, these individuals are generally highly motivated, engaged to improve their own health and well-being of the fetus. In a preliminary studies, this seems to be an acceptable and preferred mode of providing information and care. The most popular option for obtaining support for management would be a web-based or smartphone app-based resource, with 58.8% of the participants rated it as their most preferred choice. More traditional source of information such as individual counselling, group teaching or printed education materials were less preferred.
Furthermore, this phase of life and intervention period is short-lived and lasts a further 5-6 months from the time of diagnosis of GDM and therefore avoids the potential problem of technology fatigue of a largely lifestyle modification intervention.
Despite pregnancy being a precious window of opportunity to bring about lasting beneficial for patients and their offspring, and smartphone-based resources being the preferred source of information by women with GDM, there are very few smartphone apps that are designed specifically to support self-management of GDM. Moreover, there is a need for such apps to be customized to the local context in terms of language, nutritional habits and food sources; and integrated to a reliable degree with existing healthcare services, clinical workflow and setup. To the investigators' knowledge, there are no such apps that fulfil these characteristics and features that are currently available in Singapore and in this region, and globally there are only two other similar trials among the GDM population which is being carried out - one in Norway and another in Ireland.
This study will result in a unique clinical application for GDM that integrates lifestyle coaching with glucose monitoring and can be used to treat GDM with minimal manpower commitment. The improved clinical outcomes are not only relevant to the current pregnancy but also have significant impact on the future metabolic health of both mothers and offspring throughout later life.
