Development and Validation of a Digital Pain-Reduction Kit for Musculoskeletal Injuries

Exclusion Criteria

• •1. Unable to understand the goals of the study due to cognitive difficulty
• •2. Use of a cardiac pacemaker, implanted defibrillator, or other implanted metallic or electronic device or high-frequency surgical equipment. (contraindication for TENS units)
• •3. Pregnant (contraindication for TENS unit)
• •4. Current diagnosis of epilepsy, dementia, or other neurological disease that may prevent use of VR hardware or software
• •5. Hypersensitivity to flashing light or motion
• •6. Injury to the eyes, face, neck, or arms that prevents comfortable use of VR hardware or software, or safe use of other study hardware (e.g., open sores, wounds, or skin rash on face)