PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:
I. For each vaccine separately, to evaluate non-inferiority of one compared to two vaccination doses in the prevention of new HPV16/18 cervical HPV infections that persist 6+ months in girls ages 12-16 years at vaccination.
II. For each vaccine separately, to evaluate one dose of HPV vaccination compared to no vaccination in the protection against HPV16/18 cervical HPV infections that persist 6+ months in girls ages 12-16 years at vaccination; protection resultant from two HPV vaccine doses compared to no vaccination will also be investigated. Note that the second epidemiological survey group (the end-of-study survey or EOSS) will serve as the primary unvaccinated group for these analyses.
SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:
I. For each vaccine separately, to compare immunogenicity via measurement of serum antibodies between girls who received one and two doses of the HPV vaccines. When looking at these antibodies, the primary focus will be on HPV16/18; antibodies against additional HPV types included in the nonavalent HPV vaccine will also be investigated.
II. For each vaccine separately, estimate (a) infection rate difference of one versus two doses, and (b) one-dose VE compared to no vaccination and (c) two-dose VE compared to no vaccination, in the following groupings of cervical HPV infections that persists 6+ months:
IIa. 12 carcinogenic HPV types (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59, aggregated); IIb. 10 carcinogenic HPV types excluding 16/18 (31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59, aggregated); IIc. 7 carcinogenic HPV types included in the nonavalent HPV vaccine formulation (16/18/31/33/45/52/58, aggregated); IId. HPV types cCross-protected by the ASO-4 adjuvanted bivalent vaccine (31/33/45, aggregated); IIe. Each of the carcinogenic types (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59, individually); IIf. 2 non-carcinogenic, genital warts-associated HPV types (6/11, aggregated). III. For the nonavalent vaccine, investigate non-inferiority of one compared to two vaccination doses in the prevention of cervical HPV infections that persist 6+ months compared to a pre-specified bound. for the 7 carcinogenic HPV types protected by the nonavalent vaccine (16/18/31/33/45/52/58, aggregated).
ANCILLARY OBJECTIVES:
I. Conduct a cost and cost-effectiveness evaluation of HPV vaccination with one versus two doses of the nonavalent and bivalent vaccines in the setting of Costa Rica (See complementary study protocol entitled: Complementary micro-costing and cost- effectiveness study for the clinical trial: "A scientific evaluation of one and two doses of the bivalent and nonavalent prophylactic HPV vaccines").
II. To perform an evaluation of each vaccine at 4 years. IIa. For each vaccine separately, evaluate non-inferiority of one compared to two vaccination doses in the prevention of new HPV16/18 cervical HPV infections that persist 6+ months in girls ages 12-16 years at vaccination using the first four years of data; IIb. For each vaccine separately, evaluate one dose of HPV vaccination compared to no vaccination in the protection against HPV16/18 cervical HPV infections that persist 6+ months in girls ages 12-16 years at vaccination using data available at four years and the first epidemiologic survey; protection resultant from two doses of the HPV vaccines compared to no vaccination will also be investigated.
III. For each vaccine separately, calculate the infection rate difference of one versus two doses, and vaccine efficacy, for the following study endpoints (including but not limited to those listed below):
IIIa. Any new HPV16, HPV18, or HPV16/18 infection (i.e., one-time detection); IIIb. Any new carcinogenic-type HPV infection (i.e., one-time HPV detection of aggregate HPV vaccine and/or non-vaccine HPV types); IIIc. Any new vaccine-type HPV infection (i.e., aggregate HPV 16/18/31/33/45/52/58); IIId. Any new HPV6/11 infection (i.e., one-time detection). IV. Compare HPV attack rate and immunogenicity of Merck nonavalent versus (vs.) GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) bivalent vaccines with respect to number of vaccine doses received in the prevention of six-month persistent HPV16/18 and any carcinogenic infections, and in the prevention of one-time detection of these types.
V. Conditional on demonstrating inferiority of one versus two doses of the vaccine (Primary Objective #1), to evaluate A) inferiority of one versus two doses and B) reduction in the HPV attack rate of one and two doses compared to none by time (years 1 through 4).
VI. Obtain participants authorization to passively track cervical pre-cancer, carcinoma in situ and cervical cancer outcomes through the national tumor registry, national cytology laboratory, social security registries, national cytology laboratory, and other resources after the trial ends (i.e., to continue indefinitely or until consent is rescinded).
VII. Establish a biobank including blood components (for example but not limited to serum, red blood cells, plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells), urine, oral and cervical swab samples collected from girls in the randomized trial and the epidemiologic HPV survey for futures analysis related to HPV infection, associated diseases, and effects of the vaccine.
OUTLINE: There are two components to the study: (1) a controlled, randomized, double-blinded non-inferiority clinical trial to compare one-dose to two-dose vaccination among twenty thousand girls 12 to 16 years old; and (2) an epidemiologic survey for HPV status among unvaccinated women 16-21 years old, enrolled concurrent with the final two visits of the trial to serve as the unvaccinated group. Trial participants are randomized to 1 of 4 arms. Survey participants are assigned to Arm V.
ARM I: Participants receive recombinant human papillomavirus nonavalent vaccine (Gardasil) intramuscularly (IM) at month 0 and diphtheria toxoid/tetanus toxoid/acellular pertussis vaccine adsorbed (Tdap) IM at month 6.
ARM II: Participants receive recombinant human papillomavirus bivalent vaccine (Cervarix) IM at month 0 and Tdap IM at month 6.
ARM III: Participants receive Gardasil IM at month 0 and 6.
ARM IV: Participants receive Cervarix IM at month 0 and 6.
After completion of study intervention, trial participants are followed up every 6 months for up to 4 years.
ARM V: A concurrent epidemiologic survey for HPV status among two groups of unvaccinated women. Survey participants are followed for two study visits six months apart to determine their HPV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) status, with no further follow-up. These women will be offered HPV vaccination (Cervarix) at the two study visits.
