Effect of Weight Management Programs on Cardiometabolic Risk Profile in Overweight Women

Abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia and hypertension are essential risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Several studies showed favorable effects of weight loss in overweight subjects on cardiometabolic risk profile. The study was divided into a 3-month weight loss phase (phase 1), a subsequent 3-month phase of weight stabilization (phase 2) and a 6-month phase of weight loss maintenance (phase 3). For a total of 6 months subjects were randomly assigned to the meal replacement (MR) or control (C) group at baseline I. During weight loss phase both dietary intervention groups followed an energy-restricted diet with a balanced variety of nutrient-dense food of approximately 1200 kcal/d. The MR-WL group (MR group during weight loss phase) was advised to replace two of three meals every day with meal replacements. The C-WL group (C group during weight loss phase) was advised to follow a conventional energy-restricted modified diet with 15-20% of energy intake in the form of protein, 50-55% of energy intake in the form of carbohydrates and 30% of energy intake in the form of fat. All participants attended ten group training sessions for nutrition education. During weight stabilization phase all women of MR-S and C-S group (MR and C group during weight stabilization phase) were encouraged to consume a self-directed well-balanced variety of nutrient-dense foods without meal intervention. However, the MR-S and C-S group were instructed to continue the implemented nutrition advice of weight loss phase. At the beginning of weight loss maintenance phase (baseline II) women were randomly assigned to the verum (specific micronutrient composition with omega-3 fatty acids) group or placebo group. Both groups were encouraged to consume a self-directed well-balanced variety of nutrient-dense foods. All women participated in an exercise program (fitness walking) on 1-2 days per week during all three phases of the study for a total of 12 months.