Oxytocin and Brain Responses in Maternal Addiction

Inclusion Criteria

• •Drug-addicted subjects will be English speaking adult women who:
• •1. are being evaluated for treatment of their addiction or are currently enrolled in treatment programs;
• •2. have an infant \<12 months;
• •3. meet criteria for substance abuse or dependence in the past year, as assessed by MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI);
• •4. have a substance abuse history, including use during the most recent pregnancy;
• •5. are recommended at intake for drug-treatment services for substance abuse;
• •6. are 18 years to 40 years old; and
• •7. have been speaking English or enrolled in English-speaking school since age 8.
• •Control subjects will be English-speaking adult women who:
• •1. have an infant \<12 months of age;
• •2. do not meet criteria for past or present drug abuse or dependence;
• •3. are 18 years to 40 years old; and
• •4. have been speaking English or enrolled in English-speaking school since age 8.
• •1. severe psychiatric or substance-related symptoms requiring in-patient psychiatric hospitalization or detoxification for suicidality, homicidality, grave disability, physiological alcohol or drug withdrawal within the last 30 days;
• •2. past or present diagnosis of schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders;
• •3. metal implants or other contraindications for MRI scanning;
• •4. pending legal cases (e.g., outstanding arrest warrants or parental rights hearings) prohibiting them from completing the study;
• •5. current pregnancy or plans to become pregnant during the course of the study;
• •6. infants with clinical evidence of in utero drug effects, such as opiate withdrawal symptoms during the neonatal period, facial dysmorphism or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) or microcephaly;
• •7. infants with birth weight less than 3 lb. 5 oz.;
• •8. infants who have significant vision, hearing or motor problems (such as cerebral palsy) that cannot be corrected;
• •9. mothers who have significant vision or hearing problems that cannot be corrected;
• •10. out-of-home placement of infant for the past month or more than 50% of child's life;
• •11. delivered more than one baby during most recent pregnancy (twins, triplets, etc.).
• •12. exclusively breastfeeding
• •1. positive drug toxicology screen at any point in the study;
• •2. drug abuse or dependence based on MINI in the past year or lifetime;
• •3. use of tobacco products in the past 2 years;
• •4. current hazardous alcohol use as ascertained by AUDIT score \> 8;
• •5. present or past history of ambulatory detoxification;
• •6. severe psychiatric symptoms requiring inpatient psychiatric hospitalization for suicidality, homicidality, grave disability, physiological alcohol or drug withdrawal within the past 30 days;
• •7. past or present diagnosis of schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders;
• •8. metal implants or other contraindications for MRI scanning;
• •9. current pregnancy or plans to become pregnant during the course of the study;
• •10. infants with birth weight less than 3 lb. 5 oz.;
• •11. infants who have significant vision, hearing or motor problems that cannot be corrected (such as cerebral palsy);
• •12. mothers who have significant vision or hearing problems that cannot be corrected;
• •13. out-of-home placement of infant for the past month or more than 50% of child's life; and
• •14. delivered more than one baby during most recent pregnancy (twins, triplets, etc.).
• •15. exclusively breastfeeding