A randomized controlled trial was conducted from November 2015 and May 2016 with 112 participants of people diagnosed with schizophrenia. Participants aged 18 years or older with DSM-V schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder from outpatient mental health clinics in Jordan, were randomly assigned participants either to receive 6 weeks of a booklet form of intervention with face to face discussion, and treatment as usual \[TAU\] (intervention, n = 56), or TAU (control, n = 56). Participants were assessed at baseline, immediately post-intervention (post-treatment1) and at three months follow-up. The primary outcome measure was change in helplessness score . Secondary outcomes for PDwS were psychiatric symptoms, recovery rate and quality of life.
