Genomic Profiling in Previously Untreated Metastatic Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

The understanding of NSCLC is undergoing a rapid evolution from one disease treated with empirically chosen, costly cytotoxic chemotherapies, laden with adverse effects and benefits lasting only weeks or a few months, to a rapidly growing set of genomically defined diseases that can be matched to targeted therapies with markedly improved outcomes, including response rates of 70-80% and survivals often measured in years rather than months. The need for comprehensive genomic profiling tests able to accommodate the expanding list of genomic markers without necessitating new biopsies or rising cost is not just a convenience, but a medical necessity. In October 2014, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) specifically recommended that patients with metastatic NSCLC undergo "broad molecular profiling" with the goal of identifying rare driver mutations for which effective drugs may already be available, or to appropriately counsel patients regarding the availability of clinical trials, including not only EGFR and ALK, but also BRAF, ERBB2 (HER2), MET, RET and ROS1. For example, while ERBB2 alterations are certainly more common in breast cancer, these same alterations have also been found in NSCLC and thus would predict response to targeted therapy with anti-HER2 agents. Specifically, each of these additional targetable alterations indicate a greatly increased likelihood of response to a respective targeted treatment, even though some of the treatments would be considered 'off-label' for lung cancer (e.g. trastuzumab or afatinib targeting patients with ERBB2 alterations; crizotinib for MET amplification and ROS1 rearrangements), or on-label drugs approved for lung cancer (e.g. crizotinib targeting patients with ALK rearrangements). Problems in Genomic Testing: The substantial increase in the number of recommended targetable alterations in NSCLC presents multiple clinical and logistic challenges to the current model of gene-by-gene testing. These include non-validated testing, missed alterations that could have been matched to targeted therapy, insufficient tissue due to sequential or parallel testing, unacceptably long turnaround times, and physician frustration and confusion related to delays in obtaining all needed results and complex interpretation of multiple reports. Based on recent publications, it is reasonable to anticipate the list of targetable alterations that should be evaluated as 'standard of care' will only continue to expand. This reality makes the current model of individual tests in a gene-by-gene model unsustainable. For example traditional testing would require multiple modalities, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based tests, capillary sequencing, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)-based testing, and mass spectrometry-based sizing assays. Insufficient tissue to supply all of these tests is a particular problem. Traditional pathologic evaluation, including testing for the seven targetable alterations in the NCCN guidelines, may require more than 26 slides -- a tissue requirement that is usually beyond the amount obtained from minimally invasive biopsies. Competing demands for scarce tissue may place clinicians in an uncomfortable position of having to guess which tests to run when slides are running out, or alternatively, to consider conducting additional biopsy procedures. These challenges will only grow in complexity as biopsies become less invasive, the number of molecular markers and targeted therapeutic options increase, and evidence for newer markers becomes stronger. FoundationOne is a comprehensive genomic profile that applies next generation sequencing in a unique manner to identify all 4 types of genomic alterations across all genes known to be unambiguous drivers of solid tumors with high accuracy. The test simultaneously sequences the coding region of 315 cancer-related genes plus introns from 28 genes often rearranged or altered in cancer to a typical median depth of coverage of greater than 500X. Each covered read represents a unique DNA fragment to enable the highly sensitive and specific detection of genomic alterations that occur at low frequencies due to tumor heterogeneity, low tumor purity and small tissue samples. FoundationOne detects all classes of genomic alterations, including base substitutions, insertions and deletions (indels), copy number alterations (CNAs) and rearrangements using a small, routine FFPE sample (including core or fine needle biopsies). Foundation Medicine recently collaborated with Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) to evaluate the clinical utility of this approach. After appropriate institutional approvals, a group of patients with advanced NSCLC who had completed in-house clinical testing in the CLIA-accredited MSKCC lab and who tested negative for all using conventional diagnostics, and who were alive and receiving systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy were identified. Before they were tested using FoundationOne, 24 of the first 34 such patients had required additional biopsies to complete the initial requisite testing. In 9 of the 34 clinical cases, FoundationOne could not be performed due to lack of available tissue after the initial rounds of MSKCC testing. FoundationOne was successfully performed in 25 patients uncovering one or more genomic alterations linked to a targeted agent based on NCCN guidelines in 36% (9/25 cases) and a targeted agent available on an open clinical trial at MSKCC in 32% (8/25) of patients. This approach simultaneously analyzes the multiple genes and classes of genomic alteration required for clinical care and are readily adapted to efficiently incorporate a rapidly expanding landscape of targetable alterations. Study Design: This is a non-randomized observational comparative study with various cohorts based on physician diagnostic patterns of care and biologic genomic profile status. Treatment of Subjects 1. All eligible patients (consecutive) with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer treated at a COTA center will be enrolled and followed on this observational study. 2. All physicians at COTA centers will be reminded that genomic profiling of non-small cell lung cancer is technically possible and in some circumstances recommended per national guidelines. For those patients who have Horizon Blue Cross insurance the physician will also be informed that the FoundationOne genomic profile will be a financially covered test. It however will be the physician's independent choice whether to order diagnostic testing and/or where this testing will be performed, without influence of the protocol study team. 3. If performed, the results of genomic profiling of the lung cancer specimen will be recorded in the COTA database, regardless of type or site of testing. 4. Treatment of the patient will be at the sole discretion of the physician. Time to initiation of therapy from the first oncology visit, and from the time of biopsy will be recorded. Time from biopsy to receipt of genomic profiling will also be recorded. 5. If a mutation in EGFR or an ALK rearrangement is identified the physician will be encouraged to treat the patient with the approved targeted agent per current national guidelines. If a ROS fusion is identified the physician will also be encouraged to consider off label use of an approved targeted therapy (ie, crizotinib). 6 If an "actionable" mutation is identified that does not have an approved targeted therapy the physician will be notified of any available research trials that might be considered. However, the decision to utilize a specific agent will be at the sole discretion of the treating physician. To expand the opportunities to offer targeted therapies, participating COTA centers will be encouraged to open national trials in lung cancer. The COTA protocol team will meet with individual centers to assist in research start-up if desired. Eligibility and participation in targeted therapy trials will be per the individual protocols. Consent for study participation will be separate from this protocol. 7 At the sole discretion of the treating physician the patient may be treated with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery or other means. Consent for these treatments will be obtained by the treatment team, separate from this observational study, in accordance with policies and procedures of the treating center. 8 Patients will be allocated into one of seven cohorts based on the physicians choice of genomic profiling use 9 All patients will be tracked using the COTA database using the standard collection fields for lung cancer, including but not limited to demographics, smoking history, treatments and toxicities, and survival outcomes. 10 All patients will complete ECOG performance scores at a minimum of monthly per usual protocols at each center. 11 All patients will complete the patient reported Living with Cancer (LWC) instrument at the time of diagnosis and monthly thereafter . Response Assessments and Planned Analyses 1. The primary endpoint is related to overall survival. All subjects will be followed for overall survival. Date of death will be recorded in the COTA database. 2. The primary endpoints will be the overall survival duration (median) and the 2 year survival rates for patients within the following cohorts: Cohorts A+B+C versus Cohorts D+E+F+G (patients undergoing FoundationOne assay testing vs not undergoing testing) The analysis will be performed for the entire study population and separately for the non-squamous cell lung cancer histologies. 3. The key secondary endpoints will be the overall survival duration (median) and the 2 year survival rates for patients within the following cohorts (additional comparisons may be performed including repeat analysis in the non-squamous histologies): Cohorts A vs B vs C vs D vs E vs F vs G Cohorts A+D versus Cohorts B+C+E+F+G (patients with actionable mutations receiving targeted therapies vs those not) Cohorts A+B+D+E versus Cohorts C+F+G (patients with actionable mutations regardless of treatment vs those without targets) Cohorts A+B+C+D+E+F versus Cohort G (patients undergoing testing vs not undergoing testing) Cohort A versus Cohorts B+C+D+E+F+G (patients receiving targeted therapy based on FoundationOne assay testing vs not) 4. Frequency of genomic mutations as documented by FoundationOne assay or any other molecular profiling will be recorded 5. A secondary endpoint will be to determine whether the identification of actionable genomic mutations is increased with the FoundationOne assay versus other methodologies. The retrospective RCCA rate of mutational identification was 22% using non-Foundation Medicine testing. In addition to this (and other historical comparisons) a comparison of the identified mutation rate in Cohorts A+B+C vs Cohorts D+E+F will be performed. The analysis will be performed in the entire cohort and the non-squamous histologies. 6. Total cost of care will be obtained via COTA sources as available. 7. A secondary endpoint will be to determine whether the use of the FoundationOne test impacts total costs. Several comparisons will be performed including a comparison of Cohorts A+B+C vs D+E+F+G (FM vs not), a comparison of A+B+C vs D+E+F (FM vs other genomic testing), a comparison of A+D vs B+C+E+F+G (targeted therapy used vs not) 8. Dosing of medications and toxicities will be recorded as per COTA standards 9. Quality of Life Analyses will be performed