Benchmarking Management of Glaucoma Using the Diopsys VEP/PERG Protocols.

The VEP and PERG have been proven and accepted as a viable clinical tool in the assessment of diseases of the retina ganglion cells. The Diopsys® Neuro Optic Vision Assessment Vision (NOVA) Testing System generates a battery of retinal responses evoked by viewing horizontal/checkerboard grating patterns with optimized contrast levels and visual field sizes. Electrophysiological tests evaluate the function of the different structures constituting the visual nervous pathways (retina, optic nerve, optic tract, and chiasm, radiation and cerebral cortex). Among the various electrophysiological examinations, two very important tests are Electroretinograms (ERGs), which study the various retinal components, and Visual Evoked Potentials (VEPs) which study the visual pathway. These tests provide objective information on the function of the visual system even in those cases in which opacities of dioptric means (cataract, corneal leukoma) do not allow the direct observation of the retina and optic nerve, and may provide functional information in advance of structural changes. Maculopathy and neuropathies are included in the long list of diseases of the visual pathway that permanently impair visual function. As there are considerable evidences related to the nature and evaluation of maculopathy and glaucomatous neuropathy, objective and reliable techniques are needed for visual function evaluation. By using PERG recordings, doctors are able to differentiate between normal subjects and subjects with ocular hypertension notwithstanding a normal optic disc and VF. PERG can provide important diagnostic information regarding the functional integrity of the macula and ganglion cells. Based on a longitudinal study from Bascom Palmer Eye, abnormal retina function was recorded by PERG eight years before structural damage to the RNFL was detected. The study suggests that for glaucoma suspects it takes two years for a 10% change in PERG amplitude while it takes ten years for 10% change in RNFL. The Diopsys® NOVA-pERG is a retinal biopotential that is evoked when a temporally phase-reversed horizontal/checkerboard grating pattern of constant total luminance is viewed. The contrast and viewing angle of the stimulus is optimized to elicit detection of dysfunction of the macula or the retinal ganglion cells selectively. The two NOVA-PERG reporting protocols are Contrast Sensitivity (CS) and Concentric Stimulus Fields (CSF). CS is optimized to detect dysfunctions of the retina that are sensitive to discrimination between different contrast levels while the CSF is optimized to localized pathologies in specific regions of the retina such as central vision and macula. Currently both protocols utilize steady-state technology. The advantage of the Diopsys ERG as compared to traditional PERG is that it is non-invasive electrodes are attached to the eyelid and not the conjunctiva, and takes ten minutes to perform instead of 45. Patients do not been to be dark-adapted. VEPs will be generated using a commercially available Diopsys NOVA System utilizing a fixed protocol. The stimulus will be presented on a 17-inch LCD monitor, running at 75 frames/s. Commercially available skin preparation and EEG paste will be used for recording of the SD-tVEP. Synchronized single-channel VEPs will be recorded, generating a time series of 1024 data points per analysis window. The room luminance will be maintained at scotopic conditions (\<0.3 NITS). Preadaptation will be unnecessary for the SD-tVEP recordings. Multiple tests are run to comprise one SD-tVEP protocol. One complete NOVA-VEP (FP) presents a stimulus for a maximum of 1 minute and 46 seconds. In all cases, the display will be viewed through natural pupils (undilated) with optimal refractive correction in place. The viewing distance will be set to 1 m, yielding a total display viewing angle of 15.5 degrees. The square black/white checkerboard pattern reversal stimulus has a height and width of 27 cm with a red circular ring used as a fixation target. The diameter of the target is approximately 1.5 cm with a ring thickness of 1.5 mm. The target ring will be centered on the stimulus. The check size will be 29.0 minutes of arc. Two pattern contrasts will be used in the study, based on earlier studies that suggested that differential contrast stimulation could affect the NOVA-VEP (FP) waveforms. The first pattern will have a Michelson contrast of 15%. The second pattern will have a Michelson contrast of 85%. These two patterns are referred to as LC (Low contrast) and HC (High contrast) respectively. During a recording session, the contrast polarity of each stimulus check will be temporally modulated at a reversal frequency of 1 Hz (2 pattern reversals equates to 1 reversal cycle); therefore, each reversal occurs at 2 Hz or twice per second. This stimulus is termed a pattern reversal stimulus and has a duty cycle of 50%. The 15% and 85% contrast stimuli will be presented for each eye (the fellow eye was covered) for 15 seconds. The right eye will be the first one to be tested for all patients. In preparation for recording, the skin at each electrode site will be scrubbed with Nuprep using a cotton gauze pad. Electrodes will be fixed in position with Ten20 conductive paste and secured with a small gauze pad with conductive paste applied. Electrode impedance will be maintained below 10 kohm and typically kept below 5 kohm. The Pattern Electroretinogram (PERG) will be recorded using a commercially available system Diopsys® NOVA (Diopsys, Inc. Pine Brook, New Jersey). The testing protocol will include the Concentric Stimulus Field (CSF). Subjects will be fitted with the appropriate correction for a viewing distance of 24 inches and will be instructed to fixate on a target at the center of stimulus monitor. The test will be performed in a dark room to standardized environment luminance, free of visual and audible distractions. The subject will be comfortable seated facing the stimulus monitor. The patient's seated height will be adjusted so the eye stays in a horizontal plane with the center of the monitor. The test will be performed without pupil dilation and subjects will be allowed to blink freely. The PERG will be recorded from the study eye by means of hypoallergenic skin sensors Silver/Silver Chloride ink (Diopsys® proprietary Skin Sensor) on the lower eyelids. The reference sensor will be located in the contralateral eyelid and ground sensor in the central forehead area (Fz). The skin will be prepared by cleaning with eyelid cleanser (OCuSOFT®) to ensure good and stable electrical conductivity, keeping the impedances bellow 5 kohm. The stimulus will be presented on a gamma corrected Acer V173BM 17-inch LCD monitor, having a refresh rate of 75 frames / second. The CSF pattern stimulus will consist of black/white horizontal gratings (24° and 16° circular field, 98% contrast and 102.28 candelas/m2 mean luminance), reversing at 15 reversals/second) with a duration of 25 seconds. A red spinning ring will be used as a fixation target with a diameter of 1 cm and 1 mm of thickness. This target ring will be at the corner of four checks, centered on the stimulus field. A test will be categorized as non-reliable if Phase Variance is greater than 0.4 and/or if the Magnitude Variance to Magnitude Ratio (VMR) is greater than 2.9 and/or if more than 4 artifacts are detected. The FERG test results will be saved in an SQL database and presented in a report form to be used for analysis.