Hereditary Parkinson s Disease Natural History Protocol

Background: \- Parkinson s disease is a disease of the nervous system that affects movement. People usually get it in their 70s or 80s. Early onset Parkinson s disease (EOPD) begins before the age of 50. Researchers think EOPD may be caused by a mutation in a gene. They want to study the genetic causes so they can find therapies for this disease. Objective: \- To better understand the genetic causes of EOPD. Eligibility: * Adults ages 18 80 with a history of EOPD. Their family members, who do not have Parkinson s disease, can join as controls. * Healthy volunteers ages 18 80. Design: * Participants with EOPD and their relatives will be screened with a review of medical records. Healthy volunteers will have medical history, physical exam, and blood drawn. * Relatives may send blood samples to NIH to test for mutations in genes that are linked to Parkinson s disease. They may have a physical exam. * Participants may be asked to return to clinic for another visit that can last up to 2 hours. * During this visit, participants will have blood taken from a vein in the arm via a needle stick. * Participants may give a sample of their skin. The skin on the arm or leg will be numbed and a small skin punch biopsy will be taken with a special needle. * Some cells from the blood or skin sample may be grown in a lab to establish cell lines. The cells may also potentially be genetically modified to make stem cells. * Researchers may perform genetic analysis on the samples to compare them to EOPD patient samples.

The majority of subjects with the degenerative Parkinson's Disease (PD) present in the 7th and 8th decades of life. In contrast, this neurologic disease can present within the first 5 decades of life. This early onset presentation is more likely to have a direct genetic cause relative to the etiology of the degenerative form of the disease. Our understanding of the genetic causes of early onset Parkinson's Disease (EOPD) may help us find therapies for both the genetic and degenerative illnesses. Data from our laboratory and others show that genetic mutations associated with EOPD, disrupt cellular stress-response programs. These perturbations, in turn, impair cell-repair process, which is hypothesized to increase susceptibility to dopaminergic neuron degeneration linked to EOPD and degenerative PD. At the same time, patients with EOPD have a variable age of onset (spanning from 8 years to 41 years in the subjects in our cohort) and disease penetrance (severity of symptoms). The hypothesis we propose to test is whether the number and allele distributions of EOPD susceptibility gene mutations account for the variable age of onset and disease penetrance. This hypothesis will be tested in this natural history protocol by genotyping subjects with EOPD to define their genetic defects and to explore the cellular reparative function in these individuals using peripheral blood cells, skin biopsy derived fibroblasts and induced pluripotential stems cells derived from these subjects. In parallel, the phenotype of these subjects will be evaluated by the NINDS Parkinson's Clinic. Together, these data should advance our insight into the genotype-phenotype in EOPD pathophysiology.