INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is characterized by deficiencies in blood cell production that can lead to anemia, which may necessitate regular transfusions of red blood cells (RBCs) as supportive therapy. While this treatment can be life-saving, since the body has no natural means of removing the excess iron introduced through the intake of RBCs, a consequence can be accumulation of excess iron, including labile iron, in the plasma (as labile plasma iron, LPI, the pathological form of non-transferrin-bound iron) and in cells. The cellular labile iron pool (LIP) is known to participate in biochemical reactions that generate free oxygen radicals, resulting in oxidative stress and cell and tissue damage. A certain percentage of patients with MDS develop signs and symptoms resulting from iron overload، and oxidative stress markers have been observed in the blood cells of such patients. Progressive iron overload can lead to organ toxicity and cardiac disease. Reduction of LIP would reduce the generation of tissue-damaging free oxygen radicals and thereby help prevent morbidity and mortality; however, iron chelation therapy has not been part of the standard of care for this population. It should be noted that While the LPI level provide a momentarily "snapshot" of the iron status and it rapidly changes due to nutrition, transfusion or chelation, the LIP represent long-term accumulation. Both parameters complement each other in analogy to hemoglobin A1C and glucose measurements in patients with Diabetes mellitus).
There has been some exploration of the use of the oral iron chelators deferasirox and deferiprone in MDS patients , with indications of efficacy as assessed by iron reduction, decreased need for transfusions, or increased survival. However, it is difficult to draw clear conclusions from the literature as there was high variability in these investigations, not only in type of chelator but in study design, severity of disease, and endpoints studied. The safety profiles reported in the literature for MDS patients are similar to those seen in thalassemia patients. However, for patients at later stages of the disease who are at high risk of death from AML or other causes within 5 years, the benefit of chelation may be minimal. What emerges from the literature is that because of the progression of the disease, iron chelation is likelier to be of more benefit to patients with a less severe form of MDS who have an expectation of 5 years or more of survival but who also have the likelihood of long-term RBC transfusion dependency, with the accompanying risk of iron overload.
1.2 Deferiprone Deferiprone (active ingredient 3-hydroxy-1,2-dimethylpyridin-4-one) is a bidentate iron chelator that preferentially binds trivalent iron (Fe3+) in a 3:1 (deferiprone : iron) complex. Its effectiveness in the treatment of patients with iron overload has been assessed by urinary iron excretion, sequential measurements of serum ferritin levels, iron concentration in the liver and in the heart, and clinical outcomes such as the ability to prevent iron-induced cardiac disease and prolong survival in transfused patients with thalassemia.
1.2.1 Side effects of Deferiprone The safety profile of deferiprone in patients with thalassemia has been extensively characterized in clinical trials. Based on the Summary of Product Characteristics,apart from chromaturia, which is due to iron excretion and is harmless, the most commonly reported adverse events seen in clinical trials have been nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, increased alanine aminotransferase, arthralgia, and neutropenia, defined as a confirmed absolute neutrophil count (ANC) less than 1.5×109/L. The most significant serious adverse event (SAE) associated with deferiprone use is severe neutropenia, also known as agranulocytosis, which is defined as a confirmed ANC less than 0.5×109/L.
In a clinical trial in which 19 multi-transfused MDS patients were treated with the oral iron chelator deferasirox for 3 months, a significant decrease in free iron species was observed in the plasma and cells, which was associated with amelioration of the parameters of oxidative stress. Another finding was a gradual increase in the levels of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin, which could also reflect amelioration of oxidative stress. However, many MDS patients, particularly older ones, are unable to tolerate treatment with deferasirox, mainly due to renal and/or gastrointestinal side effects. The proposed clinical trial is a similar study that will look at the safety and efficacy of deferiprone in iron overloaded, blood dependent MDS patients.
2 STUDY DESIGN This is a single-arm, open-label, multi-center study in 20 patients with MDS. All participants will be treated with deferiprone for up to 4 months. Patients will have blood counts monitored weekly, and will visit the site monthly for assessments of safety and efficacy. The schedule of study procedures is shown and details are provided in Section 5.1.
The daily dosage of deferiprone for each patient will be up to a maximum dose of 100 mg/kg, divided into 3 equal doses (t.i.d.) of 33.3 mg/kg. To minimize the gastrointestinal side effects that some deferiprone recipients experience when starting treatment, the initial dosage will be a total of 50 mg/kg/day (16.7 mg/kg t.i.d. For patients responding to treatment, there will be an option to continue the study drug for one more year.
3 STUDY POPULATION 3.1 Number of Patients A total of 20 MDS patients 3.2 Treatment Interruptions Patients should be advised to immediately report any symptoms indicative of infection such as fever, sore throat, or flu-like symptoms. If a patient develops neutropenia, fever, or any type of infection, Deferiprone must be interrupted immediately and neutrophil count should be obtained and monitored more frequently.
3.3 Concomitant medications In general, concomitant medications and therapies deemed necessary for the supportive care and safety of the patient are allowed. The administration of any anticancer agents including chemotherapy and biologic agents is permitted. The use of other concurrent iron chelating agents or iron supplements or investigational drugs is not allowed. The use of blood products transfusions or erythroid growth factor is permitted at investigator's discretion.
3.4 Study treatment discontinuation
The following events will be considered as reasons for discontinuation:
* Intolerable adverse effects that are judged by the investigator to be detrimental to the patient.
* Participation in another investigational drug trial
* Loss to follow up
* Patient withdrawal of consent 4 STUDY TREATMENTS Deferiprone is provided as 500 mg film-coated scored tablets, taken orally 3 times a day. It can also be provided as an oral solution of deferiprone 100mg/ml. The drug can be taken with or without food, as per the investigator's recommendation.
5 MEASUREMENTS AND EVALUATIONS 5.1 Efficacy Measurements
Primary Objective:
• To evaluate the effect of Deferiprone on oxidative stress parameter - Reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Secondary Objectives:
* To evaluate the effect of Deferiprone on other oxidative stress parameters
1. Reduced glutathione
2. Membrane lipid peroxidation
3. External phosphatidylserine
* To evaluate the change from baseline to last visit in parameters of iron load.
1. Serum ferritin (despite ongoing RBC transfusions during the study period).
2. LIP
3. LPI
4. serum hepcidin
* To evaluate the change from one month preceding baseline visit to last month on study in transfusion requirements.
* To monitor safety measures:
1. Adverse events (AEs).
2. Number of discontinuations due to AEs
5.1.1 Oxidative stress parameters Blood samples for the assessment of oxidative stress parameters will be collected at baseline and at each monthly visit. Samples will be taken at similar times for all patients, prior to first morning dose of Deferiprone. Blood samples will be collected into 2 test tubes, 2cc in each tube. One test tube with heparin and sent in the same day or the day after in a temperature of 40c to the laboratory of Prof. Fibach.
Oxidative status (as well as LIP) will be analyzed using flow cytometry techniques. Red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets will be analyzed for all tests of oxidative stress, while polymorphonuclear leucocytes will be analyzed only for ROS and Iron Overload Iron overload will be evaluated by measuring serum ferritin, LIP, LPI, and serum hepcidin.
Blood samples for serum ferritin will be collected at baseline, and each monthly visit, and end of study.
Blood samples for the assessment of LIP, LPI will be collected at baseline and each monthly visit, and will be sent to Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem (LIP) and to Aferrix Ltd., Rehovot (LPI), Israel for analysis.
Two-ml blood samples will be drawn in heparin for the assessment of oxidative stress parameters, LIP and LPI. For serum hepcidin, 2-ml samples will be drawn without an anti-coagulant. All samples will be kept and transported on ice, on the same day, to Hadassah hospital, Ein-Kerem, Jerusalem. Upon arrival to Hadassah, cells, plasma and serum, as required, will be separated. Cellular measurements will be performed on the day of arrival or the next day. The plasma and serum will be kept frozen until assayed for LPI and serum ferritin, respectively.
Serum samples for the assessment of hepcidin levels will be collected at baseline and each monthly visit. All samples will be sent to the laboratory of Dr. Domenico Girelli in Verona, Italy, for analysis after being kept until the end of the study in prof' Fibach laboratory.
5.1.2 Transfusion Requirements At each visit, patients will be queried about the receipt of RBC transfusions from last visit: type of transfusion, the volume (number of transfusions) of blood received. Details will be obtained from the site's blood bank.
. 5.1.3 Laboratory Measurements
Samples for the following laboratory safety assessments will be taken a designated time points throughout the study:
* Hematology (weekly): hemoglobin, WBC count, ANC, and platelet count
* Biochemistry (screening, baseline, and each monthly visit): total protein, GGT, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), sodium, potassium, chloride, glucose, total and direct bilirubin, AST, ALT, albumin, blood urea nitrogen, calcium, creatinine, uric acid, alkaline phosphatase, and amylase
* Serum pregnancy test: screening, baseline, and each monthly visit
