The Palliative Benefit of Involved-site Radiotherapy for Patients With Advanced-stage Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Approximately 50% of patients present with stage III-IV disease at diagnosis. The standard treatment approach for these patients is combination chemotherapy. the role of radiation therapy (RT) after effective system therapy in stage III-IV DLBCL (advanced-stage DLBCL) is controversial. The recommended approaches for patients with stage III-IV disease by The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) are that consolidation RT is managed for patients who achieved a complete response (CR) to chemotherapy and palliative RT for patients with partial response (PR) after chemotherapy. However, it is uncertain for the radiotherapy field size to treat for these patients after chemotherapy. Some benefits of consolidation RT after chemotherapy exist for patients with advanced-stage DLBCL. One of the important aims of treatment for these patients is the improvement of event-free survival (EFS). After patients receive chemotherapy alone, the most common site of disease recurrence is at sites of initial disease involvement. The complications related to chemotherapy, including second malignancies and other non-neoplastic late events, were needed to emphasize for those patients managed with more cycles' regimens alone to increase the efficacy of patients with advanced-stage DLBCL. Receipt of consolidation RT was associated with improved in-field control and EFS though no difference in overall survival (OS) when compared to patients without consolidation RT. Several randomized and retrospective studies demonstrated that the EFS (even the OS) can be improved by consolidation RT for patients with advanced-stage DLBCL after CHOP or CHOP-like chemotherapy. The patients randomized among those diagnosed initially with bulky disease (\>10 cm), those achieving CR or PR after chemotherapy, and even those in stage IV with bone marrow involved. The complications related to consolidation RT also need to be additionally explored for those patients since the efficacy of advanced-stage DLBCL has improved by combined-modality therapy (CMT). Especially, considerable difficulties in the continuous salvage options are unavoidable because of the risk of blood cell production disorders associated to extensive-field radiotherapy. Consolidation involved-field radiotherapy (IFRT) after effective chemotherapy is common palliative strategy for patients with advanced-stage DLBCL. The morbidity of treatment may be decreased further by RT with the radiation field size reduction. Involved-site radiotherapy (ISRT), based on a modified involved field, aims to reduce the radiation volume treated and the probability of late effects. Its radiation targets include a gross tumor volume (GTV), a clinical target volume (CTV), and a planning target volume (PTV), which were defined in International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements Report (ICRU) 50. This is based on defining the site of gross disease before chemotherapy, the GTV and using a CT-based volume with an expansion to form a CTV in the cranio-caudal direction. There is not a clinical trial to research whether the sequential narrowed radiotherapy field size (involved-site radiotherapy, ISRT) can obtain the same efficacy as IFRT and decrease toxicities related to radiotherapy. To evaluate the differences between IFRT and ISRT in the efficacy and complications related to consolidation RT for patients with advanced-stage DLBCL who achieved effective chemotherapy. The CTV of ISRT is defined as the region including the prechemotherapy volume of disease with 1.5 cm margin expanded cranio-caudally in the direction of potential lymphatic spread. The CTV should not extend into air in the transverse plane and should be limited in the involved lymph node region defined by the Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB). The PTV is then extended from CTV by adding the necessary margin for setup error and organ motion.