Effect of Black Raspberry Phytochemicals on Oral Microbiome in Current Smokers and Non-smokers

Exclusion Criteria

• •Have history of oral cancer or carcinoma in-situ
• •Have had antibiotic therapy or professional cleaning within the previous 3 months
• •Require antibiotic therapy prior to oral cleaning
• •Have an active metabolic or digestive illness that impact phytochemical absorption and metabolism, including: diabetes, malabsorptive disorders (Crohn's disease, documented celiac disease, etc.), renal insufficiency (creatinine \[Cr\] \> 1.4), hepatic insufficiency (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis \[NASH\], cirrhosis, active viral hepatitis), hyper- or hypothyroidism, or short bowel syndrome
• •Are alcohol consumers (defined as an average consumption of greater than 1 drink/day over one week \[wk\] \[one drink = 1 oz. liquor, 12 oz. beer\])
• •Are taking immunosuppressant medications, bisphosphonates or steroid medications
• •Currently undergoing treatment for cancer with chemotherapy, hormone therapy, radiation, or biological therapy
• •Have a known allergy or food intolerance to ingredients in study products (black raspberries or other berries)
• •Are planning to conceive, or are currently pregnant or lactating
• •Have had any active oral lesions in the past month or currently have any oral disease or obvious open sores in the oral cavity or surrounding the oral opening
• •Are taking any medications that have known impact on immune responses (e.g. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs \[NSAIDs\] for chronic pain) or are actively being investigated for the prevention of tobacco related cancers will not be acceptable; a single 81 mg aspirin per day will be acceptable