Patent Foramen Ovale and the Risk of Postoperative Delirium Following Elective Hip and Knee Arthroplasty Surgeries

Exclusion Criteria

• •Planned to undergo a revision knee or hip replacement
• •History of cardiac surgery or prosthetic heart valves
• •History of other structural heart abnormalities, not involving the atrial septum
• •History of preexisting neurologic condition that affects the patient's day-to-day life, including a history of Dementia, Stroke, or previous Neurosurgery causing ongoing problems
• •Significant visual problems felt by investigators to impair Confusion Assessment Method use
• •Significant hearing problems felt by investigators to impair Confusion Assessment Method use
• •History of psychiatric problems requiring treatment with major antidepressant drugs or antipsychotic drugs
• •History of a Deep Venous Thrombosis or Pulmonary Embolism in the past year
• •History of known Atrial Fibrillation in the past 3 months
• •Presence of a pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
• •History of Transient Ischemic Attack or Stroke within the past year