We hypothesize that left ventricular pacing via a coronary sinus approach can reduce the incidence of significant tricuspid regurgitation after pacemaker implantation in patients with normal left ventricular function.
The aim of this study is to compare the degree of tricuspid regurgitation caused by pacemaker implantation between the conventional techniques of implanting a ventricular lead implanted in the right ventricular apex versus implanting a ventricular lead in a left ventricular epicardial vein via a coronary sinus approach.
The secondary objective of our study is to evaluate whether left ventricular pacing is also less likely to cause ventricular dyssynchrony and dysfunction than right ventricular apical pacing.
This study is a single centre randomised clinical pilot study comparing 2 different lead implantation techniques to be assessed using both imaging techniques and follow up for clinical outcomes.
(i) Proposed study interventions The procedures in both arms of the study will be identical except for where the ventricular lead is placed. All parts of these procedures, including all the implanting equipment and pacing leads are standard routine clinical practice. The left ventricular leads used in this study are routinely used for pacing the left ventricle in patients receiving biventricular pacemakers or defibrillators for heart failure.
The implant site will be the left or right prepectoral region and venous access will be via either an axillary or subclavian vein approach. These choices will be left to the implanting physician's discretion. Once venous access has been established successfully the patient will then be randomly allocated to either of the study arms.
Patients randomized to have an LV lead will have a long coronary sinus sheath inserted which will be used to perform an occlusive venogram of the coronary sinus to determine if there are veins suitable for left ventricular lead placement. Those in the left ventricular pacing arm will instead have a left ventricular epicardial pacing lead placed as apically as possible in a large calibre left ventricular branch of the coronary sinus.
Patients in the right ventricular apical pacing arm will have an endocardial active fixation pacing leads placed in the right ventricular apex in the conventional manner.
Patients in both arms will then go on to have a right atrial active fixation lead placed in the right atrial appendage.
(ii) Methods for protecting against other sources of bias All patients referred to our Arrhythmia Service will be assessed for suitability to take part in this study. Once recruited, study subjects will be block randomised in a 1:1 fashion to either conventional right ventricular lead implantation or left ventricular coronary sinus lead implantation. They will be blinded to their allocation during the course of this study to remove any bias.
Assessment of the echocardiograms will be performed by 2 investigators who are not blinded to the patient's treatment allocation. This is because the pacemaker lead is nearly always well visualised during echocardiographic studies making blinding impossible. However, the main outcomes of this study will be quantitative measures of TR and biventricular function derived from 3D echocardiography rather than qualitative measures used in previous studies and this will protect against bias that may be caused by the echocardiogram assessors knowing the allocation of the patients. The studies will also be assessed for interobserver and intraobserver variability to look for the likelihood of bias.
(iii) Duration of follow up period Patients will be seen post discharge at 1 week for wound care and at 1 months, 6 months and 12 months for pacemaker checks in the pacemaker clinic.
(iv) Frequency and duration of follow-up The scheduled follow up is as follows. Note that all transthoracic echocardiography studies will include both 2D and 3D echocardiography
1. Pre implant: transthoracic echocardiography
2. Pacemaker implantation: randomisation when venous access is achieved. Blood samples taken for biomarker assays.
3. Post implant day 1: Pacemaker check, transthoracic echocardiography
4. Post implant week 1: Wound check, pacemaker check, transthoracic echocardiography
5. Post implant month 1: Wound check, pacemaker check, transthoracic echocardiography
6. Post implant month 6: Pacemaker check, transthoracic echocardiography, blood samples taken for biomarker assays.
7. Post implant month 12: Pacemaker check, transthoracic echocardiography
