Cocoa and Metabolic Health in Prediabetes

Exclusion Criteria

• •Past or current history of coronary heart disease, stroke or major cardiovascular disease events, respiratory diseases, endocrine or metabolic diseases (including type 1 and type 2 diabetes), inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, or neurological or hematological disorders that would compromise the study or the health of the subject.
• •Past or current history of gastrointestinal disorders (including lactose intolerance, ulcers, cancer (stomach, intestinal, colon, pancreatic, liver, etc) NASH, NAFLD, cirrhosis, IBD/IBS, celiac disease, etc).
• •Current use of any medication including but not limited to cholesterol lowering medication (including fibric acid derivatives and niacin), antibiotics, immunosuppressive drugs, azole antifungals, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), hormone replacement therapy or antioxidants/supplements.
• •Use of antibiotics, prebiotics, or probiotics within the prior 3 months.
• •Smoking or other tobacco use
• •Habitual consumption of alcohol more than 2 servings/d for males and 1 serving/d for females.
• •Strict vegetarians or vegans, or strong aversions to major food groups that may be part of the controlled diet.
• •Recent surgery
• •History of alcohol or drug abuse.
• •Pregnant or plan to become pregnant
• •Allergic to either lidocaine or bupivacaine