Longitudinal Analysis of Plasmodium Falciparum-Specific Immunity in Travelers and Immigrants From Malaria Endemic Areas to the United States

Plasmodium falciparum malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in tropical and sub-tropical areas worldwide. Repeated P. falciparum infections in endemic areas induce protective immunity, thus providing optimism that an effective malaria vaccine can be developed. Key to the development of such a vaccine is an understanding of the immune mechanisms underlying protection and the longevity of these responses in the absence of continuous P. falciparum exposure. Anecdotal evidence suggests clinical immunity to malaria wanes within months to years after an immune individual leaves an endemic area. A detailed, systematic description of the quality and longevity of the P. falciparum-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in such individuals over time in the absence of ongoing exposure is lacking. This protocol will attempt to fill this knowledge gap through comprehensive longitudinal immunological analyses of two populations of healthy adult volunteers: 1) naive travelers returning from malaria endemic areas recently treated (within 2 weeks) for acute P. falciparum malaria and referred from hospitals in the metropolitan Washington DC area; and 2) immigrants from malaria endemic areas living in the metropolitan Washington DC area with serologic evidence of past P. falciparum exposure. In both groups, venipuncture and possibly apheresis will be performed for the isolation of plasma, RNA and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) which will be analysed to understand the components of innate and adaptive immunity to malaria. Na(SqrRoot) ve travelers returning from malaria endemic areas recently treated for acute malaria will undergo venipuncture at enrollment, then once every 2 weeks for 2 months, then every 3 months for 1 year, and then every 6 months for up to 5 years. Immigrants will be seen every three months for one year and then every six months for up to 5 years. All subjects who return to the U.S. from a malaria endemic area will be evaluated within two weeks of return for repeat venipuncture and will restart the same sequence of blood draws as naive travelers. Optional apheresis will be performed on both na(SqrRoot) ve travelers and immigrants at enrollment, at 1, 6, and 12 months, then yearly therafter. The primary objective is to estimate the quality and longevity of P. falciparum-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in the absence of ongoing P. falciparum exposure in both returned na(SqrRoot) ve travelers and immigrants. The secondary objective is to compare the P. falciparum-specific humoral and cellular immune response in na(SqrRoot) ve travelers and immigrants to individuals in malaria-endemic areas enrolled in ongoing LIG protocols in Mali.