Renal Effects of DPP-4 Inhibitor Linagliptin in Type 2 Diabetes

Exclusion Criteria

• •Current / chronic use of the following medication: thiazolidinediones, insulin, glucocorticoids, immune suppressants, antimicrobial agents or chemotherapeutics. Subjects on diuretics will only be excluded when these drugs (e.g. hydrochlorothiazide) cannot be stopped for the duration of the study
• •Chronic use of NSAIDs will not be allowed, unless used as incidental medication (1-2 tablets) for non-chronic indications. However, no such drugs can be taken within a time-frame of 2 weeks prior to renal-testing
• •Pregnancy
• •Frequent occurrence of (confirmed) hypoglycemia (plasma glucose \<3.9 mmol/L)
• •Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate \< 60 mL/min/1.73m2 (determined by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study equation)
• •Current urinary tract infection and active nephritis
• •Recent (\<6 months) history of cardiovascular disease, including: acute coronary syndrome, chronic heart failure (New York Heart Association grade II-IV), stroke, transient ischemic neurologic disorder
• •Complaints compatible with or established gastroparesis and/or neurogenic bladder
• •Active liver disease
• •History of or actual pancreatic disease
• •History of or actual malignancy (except for basal cell carcinoma)
• •History of or actual severe mental disease
• •Substance abuse (alcohol: defined as \>4 units/day; smoking/nicotine: defined as daily smoking/use)
• •Allergy to any of the agents used in the study
• •Inability to understand the study protocol or give informed consent