The Value of Laparoscopic Ultrasound in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Resection for Cancer of the Colon or Rectum

Laparoscopic surgery for cancer in the colon or rectum seems to be equal standing to open surgery with regards to the morbidity, mortality and the oncologic results (radicality and re-lapse frequency and long-term survival). Laparoscopic surgery for colon and rectum cancer is now a well-understood and well-established surgical method, but there are only few randomized trials dealing with the long-term results. The latest inventory work calls for better documentation of long-term results and calls for further randomized studies. Despite this, the number of laparoscopic operations for colorectal cancer (CRC) in Denmark is increasing, and laparoscopic surgery has partially become established as standard treatment for CRC. Liver metastases are frequent in patients with CRC and about 15-20% of patients already have metastases at the diagnosis. Ultrasound examination during open surgery (IOUS) has shown to be an important diagnostic tool with high sensitivity (98%) and positive predictive value (86%) for detection liver metastases that are undiagnosed on preoperative computed tomography scan (CT) or Positron emission tomography-computed tomography scan (PET-CT). IOUS is considered as the gold standard for hepatic metastases within open surgery for CRC. In laparoscopic surgery this option disappears, but it is likely that Laparoscopic Ultrasound examination (LUS), may provide the same information as found by IOUS. While laparoscopy and laparoscopic ultrasound examination (LUS) is well established in the staging and treatment of upper gastrointestinal cancers, this method is only sparsely evaluated in the treatment of CRC. There are only very few and older data dealing with the use of LUS in the Tumor - lymph Node and Metastases (TNM) staging in patients with cancer in the colon and rectum. Several small studies have investigated the use of LUS to evaluate the M-stage in laparoscopic colorectal surgery and all studies show an increased detection of liver metastases. Overall, seems LUS to be better than the current pre-operative image modalities, and the LUS and the IOUS has also been found to be able to locate small tumors in the colon. Based on the above, a recent review concluded that the data about the routine use of laparoscopy and LUS in patients with CRC are not sufficient, but that LUS probably could be used for assessment of the liver, liver-metastases and non-regional lymph nodes. There are no randomized studies dealing with the use of LUS in laparoscopic surgery for CRC. It is not a standard routine to use LUS of the liver, tumor and retroperitoneum during laparoscopic surgery for CRC. In prospective and blinded studies a percutaneous contrast-enhanced ultrasound examination (CEUS) of the liver proved to be able to detect significantly more liver metastases from CRC than conventional percutaneous ultrasound. With the new second-generation contrast agents CEUS seems to be equivalent to the contrast-enhanced CT and Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detection liver-metastases. Liver metastases are frequent in patients with CRC and the use of intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS) during open surgery for CRC, has previously been regarded as the gold standard. Contrast-enhanced IOUS (CE-IOUS) during open surgery for CRC is only sparsely evaluated, but has been shown to increase sensitivity for detection liver-metastases. There is on the other hand, not found literature that has been describing the use of laparoscopic CE-IOUS during laparoscopic surgery for CRC. With this project we want to elucidate whether the use of LUS in laparoscopic surgery for CRC will alter the patient's TNM stage and surgical approach and whether potential changes have any clinical consequence for the individual patient. Furthermore, we wish to investigate whether contrast-enhanced LUS increases detection rate for liver metastases. Method The study is designed as a prospective, randomized multicenter study and include 280 patients. At the Department of Surgery, Odense University Hospital, they annually conducted around 150 laparoscopic resections for CRC, but the department has a selected patient material. To get a representative sample of patients with CRC, and to get included as many patients as possible within the given timeframe, the project will therefore be conducted as a multicenter study. The participating centers perform all laparoscopic CRC surgery at a high level, and both the technical equipment and the necessary scanning competencies are available on the departments involved. Prior to the start of the project, the surgeons of the included departments will be trained in the LUS method, so that assessment and description of the intra-abdominal findings are standardized. They included patients randomly assigned either to the department's standard laparoscopic surgery or standard laparoscopic surgery plus a LUS examination. In the standard arm the conditions at the abdomen is only assessed by laparoscopy immediately prior to the resection. In the second group the intra-abdominal conditions are also assessed by laparoscopy, but then supplemented with a LUS examination of the primary tumor, liver and retroperitoneum. Both laparoscopy and LUS will take place just prior in to the operation itself and will not require further intervention or additional portholes. If there at the LUS examination is found undiagnosed liver metastases or lymph nodes outside the planned operation field, then the patient is sent to the Department of Surgery A, Odense University Hospital, for a multidisciplinary tumor conference. In cases where the LUS examination suspects liver metastases and / or remove lymph node metastases in patients who are included in the project at the Department of Surgery A, Odense University Hospital, then a intraoperative LUS-guided fine-needle aspirations- biopsy (FNA) or tru-cut biopsy will be performed and marked with a little silver pin. The latter is used for follow-up after pretreatment and to locate potential rest tumor. All other patients follow the Departments usual routines for adjuvant therapy. Those patients who are selected for laparoscopic resection at the Department A, University Hospital also offers to participate in a contrast-enhanced laparoscopic Ultrasound examination during surgery. A specialist with skills in contrast-enhanced ultrasound will perform the examination. Before the contrast study is performed the surgeon notes the findings after conventional LUS, so that the patients examined at University Hospital also is part of the total material on an equal footing with those scanned in the other departments. All patients included in the project will undergo a three-phase control computed tomography (CT) scan 3 months after surgery. This is to evaluate whether there might be overlooked metastases in the laparoscopy and LUS evaluation. All the information about the patients are entered and recorded in a database. Information on death will be deducted from the Civil Registration and local administrative databases. After completion of the inclusion of patients, the two arms will be compared with account of changes in the TNM-stage and surgical approach in relation to the pre-operative assessment. The possible changes are evaluated from strict, predefined criteria and are assessed whatever they have clinical relevancy, and finally the potential effect of contrast-enhanced LUS compared to LUS alone is assessed.