A Prospective Randomized Double-Blind Trial Comparing 3 Doses of Intravenous Ketorolac for Pain Management

Ketorolac tromethamine is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is widely used in the Emergency Department (ED) for the treatment of moderate-to-severe pain. Ketorolac is available in both oral and parenteral forms and possess significant analgesic potency. However, ketorolac provides few advantages over other currently available analgesics and its use is limited by a virtue of having an "analgesic ceiling" with the dose being 10mg as well as having a range of severe side effects, of which gastrointestinal hemorrhage is most concerning.The concept of an analgesic ceiling is that doses beyond this value (10mg) do not provide additional analgesia and do contribute to side effects. In spite of this, the majority of research conducted on ketorolac in the ED and recommendations in Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine Textbook advocating for use of three-to-six fold higher dosages. Hypothesis: Intravenous administration of Ketorolac in a dose of 10 mg is as effective in treating severe acute pain in patients presenting to the ED as 15 mg and 30 mg.