Part 1: Developing a Mobile Software Suite for Biomonitoring The software suite proposed in this research will be implemented using a three-tier architecture. The front tier of this architecture is the data collection sensors coupled with mobile phones that acts as data transmission device. The middle tier is a web server that receives and processes information and sends it to a back-end database server that stores the information.
The sensor layer is a collection of off-the-shelf devices that measure the metabolic activity. In particular, we propose to use heart rate, blood pressure, and blood glucose monitors currently available from Alive Technologies25. In addition to measuring the metabolic activity all these sensors are also capable of wirelessly transmitting this data over Bluetooth interface. We propose to use feature rich Nokia N95 as the mobile phone platform. N95 supports Bluetooth 2.0 +EDR for quick pairing with external Bluetooth sensors, and has 3G and WiFi radios for high bandwidth data transfer. All the external sensors listed above stream data to the Bluetooth enabled N95 mobile phone. In addition to the high bandwidth radio capabilities, the N95 mobile phone platform has a highly accurate built-in assisted GPS unit that uses a combination of GPS satellites, cellular tower and WiFi scanning to obtain a GPS position lock in less than 10 seconds. The stated location accuracy of GPS unit is 30 meters, while in practice the observed accuracy is around 3 meters.
Part 1a: Testing and Initial Deployment of sensors in target populations: We will use unit testing to extensively test our mobile software suite. We will recreate several usage scenarios and environmental conditions that our deployment test bed is likely to encounter. A total of 50 Hispanic and African American youth will be recruited to assist in technology development: 1) an advisory group of 10 youth, 2) 20 youth to participate in laboratory testing of the biomonitors and 3) 20 youth to wear the biomonitors and provide data and feedback. The advisory group of 5 African American and 5 Hispanic youth will be retained throughout the developmental phase to periodically visit our laboratory and test-run the sensors (50% female, 12-17 years of age). We will recruit a separate group of 10 African American and 10 Hispanic youth (50% female, 12-17 years of age) to participate in idea building sessions to ensure that sensors will be attractive and wearable, and to test the ease of usability of our mobile software suite. The initial deployment phase includes training the children on how to wear and remove the sensors. For laboratory testing of sensors, 10 Hispanic and 10 African American youth will spend 3-6 hours wearing the sensors and following protocols for walking, sitting, standing and doing various daily activities either at Dr. Spruijt-Metz's Physical Activity Observation Laboratory at USC HSA, or to the Motion Capture Laboratory at the Viterbi School of Engineering on USC Main Campus. Once the software and hardware is determined to be robust enough for deployment we will conduct our initial monitoring study with 10 African American and 10 Hispanic youth (50% female, 12-17 years of age). Children will wear the devices for three periods of one week (7 days), after which they will participate in brief individual interviews and surveys to ascertain ease of wear and to find ways to motivate and incentivize teens for wearing the sensors. Data collected from these weeks of wear will be used for the remaining data analysis and web presentation phases of the study.
Part 2: Data Capture and Transmission to a Back-End Server: We propose t a comprehensive mobile software suite that will allow the mobile phone to use Bluetooth to pair with wireless monitoring devices to collect vital health and behavioral data along with reading the built-in GPS data. The BodyMedia and MemSensse units will provide accelerometry data on physical activity and sleep. These measures will be validated in our physical activity lab against the Actigraph accelerometer (which has been extensively validated in youth) and Continuous Observation using the SOFIT system, a gold standard for physical activity measurement in youth 32, 33. By using time stamps the sensor data from Accelerometer can be correlated to the vital signs data collected from wearable sensors. We will use the data collected from all these sensors to automatically classify the user's activity. In particular, the software creates user specific movement signatures to account for differences in user's gait, walking/running/bicycling speed, usual route taken between work and home etc. The software will be able to use a combination of GPS and accelerometers to recognize the differences between driving on road and walking. This sensor information will be recorded continuously on the local storage on the mobile phone. For reference, our mobile device platform has an 8GB in-built flash memory that can be used for storing sensor information. Table 1 shows the approximate data rate of sensors. Using these data rates, we estimate that our 8GB local storage can store approximately 1000 days worth of data.
While data may be stored locally on the mobile phone the real value of our approach is the fact that these mobile devices can transmit the sensor information to any remote server using cellular data network or even WiFi. The information collected from the sensors in the mobile phone is sent to the web server for processing. The web server acts as data integrity manager that prevents illegal data read/writes by using simple authentication mechanisms, such as personal authentication. The web server utilizes HTTP/SMTP protocol to receive information from the mobile phones. The web server also provides web enabled access to the data for physician's around the globe.
Part 3: Simultaneous Data Analysis and Interpretation: The web server sends the data to the back-end database server for storing and further analysis of the data. Sensor data is likely to be noisy. Therefore, the experts in engineering and pediatric obesity in minority populations gathered on this team will work together to create adaptive algorithms to distill important health and behavioral information from noisy sensors. The development of such algorithms will allow for accurate measurements even when one sensor is not working properly. In addition, we shall investigate the possibility of monitoring whether a child is properly wearing all sensors.
3a) Web interface capabilities: What, when and where:
Using the data acquired, health professionals will be able to visualize:
* Average amount of moderate to vigorous physical activity a child is getting (daily or weekly), plus daily patterns of exercise
* Average number of steps a child is taking (daily or weekly), plus daily patterns of steps
* Average amount of sedentary behavior a child is experiencing per day or per week, plus daily patterns of sedentary behaviors
* Average levels of stress or arousal (daily or weekly), plus daily patterns of stress
* All patterns of behavioral and metabolic data will be time stamped. Therefore, practitioners will be able to see when a child is active, sedentary, stressed, or experiencing high blood glucose levels.
Providing notifications: The final product will be influenced by the advisory group of medical professionals that we will assemble. We therefore provide a brief list of examples below (thus not an exhaustive list) of notifications that we envision the web interface supply to participating health professionals:
* Recommendations for physical activity range from 30-90 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity per day and are somewhat age-specific34. Automated system notifications could be generated when average daily physical activity moderate to vigorous falls below 60 minutes, and again below 30 minutes.
* Recommendations for steps per day are currently 11,000 to 12,000 steps per day for girls and 13.000 to 15,000 steps per day for boys. Automated system notifications will be generated when children fall below these recommendations. New recommendations for both physical activity and steps are expected to be made public soon35. Advances in the field will be scrupulously monitored and incorporated.
* There are currently no gold standards or threshold measures for stress or arousal in youth or in adults. However, Firstbeat technologies (http://www.firstbeattechnologies.com/) has been working to develop stress and recovery analysis in collaboration with several research projects in the area of stress measurement and autonomic nervous system (ANS) function, applying also research in the fields of exercise physiology, behavioral sciences, and applied mathematics. We will work with Firstbeat to explore development of guidelines for measurement and definition of cut-points for stress in youth. We will begin the design of multi-modal signal processing algorithms for determining personalized cut-points for individual youths.
Bio-monitoring for developing interventions and intervention strategies: Because practitioners will be able to attach time of day to metabolic and behavioral indices and patterns, health practitioners will be able to pinpoint causes and effects as well as develop targeted intervention strategies. Furthermore, for researchers, the wealth of time and location stamped data will allow for much broader understanding of the effects of the environment and time of day of metabolic and behavioral events.
Part 4: Developing a User-Friendly, Web Enabled and Secure Interface for Health Professionals: This part of the research will be ongoing and begin at the onset of the project. An advisory team including pediatricians, family doctors, pediatric endocrinologists, specialists in pediatric diabetes, African American health outreach professionals and promotoras (outreach workers in the Hispanic community) will be assembled to guide us through the process of developing a web interface that will ensure that the right information will be displayed in an easily interpretable fashion. The advisory group will participate in regular meetings to develop and test the web interface. At the onset of the project, they will be invited to participate in an idea-building session in order to develop specific guidelines for web interface development. Idea-building sessions are one of the nominal group techniques that are used to structure small group meetings in such a way that individual judgments can be effectively pooled. Typically, four steps are involved: 1) silent generation of ideas; 2) group recording of ideas; 3) serial discussion of ideas; and, 4) voting to order the ideas as to their salience. Idea writing is particularly helpful in developing general ideas into more specific ideas using group interaction. This is also a four-step process: 1) organization into small groups; 2) initial written response; 3) written interaction; and, 4) analyses and report. Idea writing is an attractive technique because the group produces a written product. Analyses of the idea-building data includes recording, transcription, and examination of the data for emergent themes. The information from these sessions will be used for several purposes: 1) to define the form and content of final data that the web interface will provide, 2) to develop a system of notifications or alarms for specific metabolic and behavioral values, such as blood pressure that is too high or physical activity that is too low as discussed in the previous paragraph, 3) define important pathways within the data that health practitioners will need to navigate easily and 4) to ensure web interface user friendliness, accuracy and appeal. Ideas will also be generated on use of the web interface to develop interventions for the targeted groups immediately and in the future.
