Lead Sponsor

Karolinska Institutet

Collaborators

Age

18 - 65 years

Sex

ALL

Healthy Volunteers

No

•• BMI 28 - 35 kg/m2
•* Age: 18-65 years, with T2DM
•* Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; by MDRD) between 30 and 60mL/min/1.73m2
•* Urine albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) of at least 30mg/g (microalbuminuria) in first void urine on two separate days.

•• Type 1 diabetes or a positive GAD antibody test
•* Known renal artery stenosis
•* Renal impairment for reasons unrelated to diabetes
•* Suspicion of glomerulonephritis as determined by urine sediment (\>10 erythrocytes/visual field)
•* Post-renal obstruction diagnosed by ultrasound
•* Severe retinopathy (defined as high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy and severe visual loss according to the "Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Severity Scale")
•* Severe DKD (CKD 4 or 5, requirement of renal replacement therapy such as dialysis or kidney transplantation)
•* Severe neuropathy (peripheral neuropathy stage 3)
•* Unacceptably high risk for general anesthesia
•* Prior extensive intra-abdominal surgery making laparoscopy complicated
•* Myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, transient ischemic attack, coronary-artery bypass grafting or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty within the previous 6 months
•* Cardiac failure (NYHA stage \> 2)
•* Inability to stop smoking prior to inclusion
•* Pregnancy or breast feeding