Age

18–75

Sex

ALL

Healthy volunteers

Not accepted

Prior PVI ablation procedure for paroxysmal AF within past 2 years
Recurrent symptomatic paroxysmal AF despite prior PVI
History of essential hypertension requiring at least 2 chronic antihypertensive medications

Persistent AF after prior ablation
Congestive heart failure (NYHA III-IV functional class)
Left ventricle ejection fraction \< 35%
Left atrial diameter \>55 mm
An estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) \< 45mL/min/1.73m2, using the MDRD calculation
Renal arteries unsuitable for RDN:
1. Inability to access renal vasculature
2. Main renal arteries \< 4 mm in diameter or \< 20 mm in length.
3. Hemodynamically or anatomically significant renal artery abnormality or stenosis in either renal artery
4. A history of prior renal artery intervention including balloon angioplasty or stenting that precludes a possibility of ablation treatment
5. Multiple main renal arteries to either kidney
Unwillingness to participate

Comparison of Redo PVI With vs. Without Renal Denervation for Recurrent AF After Initial PVI