Study design A double-blinded, randomized, comparative, controlled trial was conducted in the ED of an urban tertiary care center, with an annual census of 70,000 patient visits. The Institutional Review Board approved the study.
Patient selection Informed consent was obtained from a parent or legal guardian of each patient enrolled in the study. Patients age 6 weeks to ≤ 18 months presenting to the ED between October and March over a 2-year period (2010-2012) with bronchiolitis (defined as viral respiratory illness and first episode of wheeze) and a BSS score of ≥ 4 were eligible for the study. Exclusion criteria were a previous history of wheezing; diagnosis of asthma; any use of bronchodilators within 2 h of presentation; gestational age ≤ 34 weeks; history of congenital heart disease, chronic pulmonary or chronic renal disease; oxygen saturation of ≤ 85% at the time of recruitment; severe disease requiring intensive care unit admission, or inability to obtain informed consent. Depending on the availability of the principal investigator (a pediatric emergency medicine fellow), a convenience sample was used to recruit patients. The ED physicians and staff were notified of the fellow's hours of availability by way of a call schedule that was posted in the ED.
Study protocol Eligible patients were randomized to one of two groups in blocks of 10. The control group received an aerosol of 0.5 ml of 2.25% racemic epinephrine with 3 ml of 0.9% saline, and the study group received 0.5 ml of 2.25% racemic epinephrine with 3 ml of 7% HS.
The treating clinician in the ED contacted the principal investigator within an hour of an eligible patient's arrival. The pharmacy department maintained a box in the ED holding sequentially numbered, previously randomized concealed envelopes containing either the study (7% HS) or control (0.9% saline) medication. After initial screening and assessment and after consent was obtained, the patient was administered the medication via nebulization driven by 6 L/min O2 flow. Research personnel, the treating physician, and staff who performed the BSS were kept blinded throughout the process. Bronchiolitis severity scores were recorded prior to administering aerosols, after administering the aerosol, and again once the treating clinician determined the final disposition of the patient.
After a 4-h observation period, the treating clinician determined patient disposition. If admitted, the patient continued to receive aerosols containing the same designated medication every 6 h until discharge or 24 h after the admission. Bronchiolitis severity scores were obtained before and after each treatment. A standardized data sheet was completed after enrollment and during each patient's stay in the ED or inpatient ward. Any co-interventions such as additional bronchodilators, supplemental oxygen, intravenous fluids, or deep nasal suction were at the discretion of the treating clinician. The clinician was free to withdraw the patient from the study if clinical deterioration warranted escalation of care or if adverse effects related to the medication were observed.
Outcome measures The BSS is an objective respiratory assessment tool that has been previously validated (Table 1).14 We used a modified BSS, which is used in our institution since 2006, to assess severity of illness in acute bronchiolitis. (Table 2) A change in the modified BSS was the primary outcome.
