Focal Therapy for Prostate Cancer - A Pilot Study of Focal Low Dose Rate Brachytherapy

1. Purpose To test the efficacy, acute side effects and long term safety of Focal Therapy in Prostate Cancer, as compared to conventional radical lose dose radiation prostate brachytherapy (LDR-PB). 2. Hypothesis We hypothesize that, in an appropriately selected group of early-stage, favourable risk prostate cancer patients, focal LDR-PB will lead to fewer acute side effects, long term complications resulting is a better quality of life than radical LDR-PB. We also hypothesize that multi-modal, multi-parametric imaging will enable monitoring of the results of focal therapy with an accuracy that is high enough to eventually replace repeated (and invasive) mapping biopsies. 3. Justification The imaging study we propose is unique in terms of its multi-modality, multi-parametric approach. Local disease will be monitored by a very complete set of multi-parametric MR, ultrasound and PET-CT imaging. Potential spread of the disease may be captured by abdominal and whole-body PET-CT. Comparison with biopsies will be more accurate than in other studies because biopsy location will be accurately provided by the trans-perineal three-dimensional template-guided pathological mapping biopsy (TTMB), in contrast to Post-radical prostatectomy (RP) studies that use axial whole mount slices which suffer from a significant change in prostate physical shape and unpredictable deformation due to fixation, making an accurate registration of pathology and imaging difficult. The impact of our study on the field of medical imaging will also be significant. Advances in the topics of deformable multi-modal registration, dosimetry, and the characterization of cancer as image features in MR, ultrasound and PET-CT are expected. These findings will be widely disseminated in papers addressing both clinical and technical publications. We are not aware of any study in which TTMB-guided focal brachytherapy has been implemented and tested. A center of our size, with our record in outcomes, and with a complete set of imaging expertise and tools to help with patient selection and monitoring, may make a very significant impact in how focal therapy can be implemented and evaluated. Therefore, we have the potential to provide valuable input on how to translate focal therapy into standard care for appropriately selected patients. 4. Objectives The specific objectives of this study are: 1. To develop provisional criteria for what constitutes focal disease and treatment plans appropriate for focal LDR-PB. 2. To show that patients undergoing focal therapy have a better quality of life than those undergoing radical therapy. 3. To correlate multi-modal, multi-parametric imaging results with the results of mapping biopsies with the goal of developing image-based techniques for patient selection and monitoring. 5. Research Method Participants in the study will undergo multi-modal, multi-parametric imaging as outlined in the study protocol (MRI, Ultrasound imaging, and PET/CT). Participants that are eligible to continue in the study and receive focal therapy will undergo 3D- Template-Guided Trans-Perineal Pathological Mapping Biopsy (TTMB). Participants will also be asked to complete study surveys and have repeat pathological mapping done at 2 year post treatment.. 6. Statistical Analysis In our recruiting plan, we have assumed that approximately 50% of the participants who are initially eligible will continue to focal therapy. The planned sample size for this pilot study is 10. Imaging hypotheses: The hypothesis that focal treatment will change the imaged treated area tissue properties but will leave unchanged properties of tissue in the untreated area will be tested using paired data on each participant.