Since 2005, there has been greater priority to improving teen sexual health outcomes because of increasing teen pregnancy rates and high rates of teens reporting having sexual intercourse (approximately 50% of all high school teens). In 2006, approximately 7% of U.S. women under the age of 20 became pregnant-152.8 pregnancies per 1,000 women aged 15 to 193-which is the highest pregnancy rate among all industrialized nations. Adolescents who have sex are at greater risk for sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. Practicing unsafe sex and having children as a teen come with a great cost to society in terms of lost productivity and increased health care spending because young parents and their children experience a range of poor health and educational outcomes. Middle school, ages 11-14, is a key time to focus on sexual health and pregnancy prevention as it is immediately prior to the time when many youth become sexually active. Evidence-based programs (EBPs) for middle school youth have been shown to improve teen sexual health outcomes, including increased use of contraception, decreased numbers of sexual partners and pregnancies, and delays in first sexual intercourse. However, community-based organizations face difficulty implementing EBPs with fidelity because resources are limited, EBPs are complex to implement, and program staff often lack the capacity-or the knowledge, attitudes, and skills-needed to adopt and implement EBPs effectively. As a result, community-based organizations are unable to achieve the outcomes demonstrated by researchers. Although the research evidence base is growing quickly-with over 50 EBPs shown to improve teen sex outcomes16-the science needed to promote successful implementation of these programs in community-based settings is poorly developed. Previous efforts to help improve the adoption and implementation of EBPs to prevent teen pregnancy either did not improve implementation of EBPs, or did not document how the support provided to program implementers translated to improvements in teen sexual health outcomes. Large community trials focused on the adoption and implementation of EBPs targeting teen sexual health outcomes are needed to assess the type and amount of support that helps community-based organizations to implement these EBPs with fidelity and achieve outcomes similar to those achieved in research. Therefore, the goal for this 5-year study will be to conduct a multi-state, communitybased trial to assess how a capacity-building intervention called Getting To Outcomes affects three variables of interest: 32 Boys and Girls Clubs' capacity to adopt and implement an EBP (Making Proud Choices or MPC), the fidelity of their MPC implementation, and the sex outcomes of the middle school youth they serve.
The capacity building intervention for program staff called Getting To Outcomes (GTO) provides techincal assistance, training, and a manual to improve community-based practitioners' capacity to complete tasks associated with implementing an EBP, which in turn leads to improved implementation fidelity. Improved implementation fidelity of EBPs like Making Proud Choices leads to improved teen sexual health outcomes. In quasi-experimental and case studies, GTO has been shown effective in helping community-based organizations implement substance abuse prevention EBPs with fidelity and document outcomes. GTO was later adapted by CDC in its 5-year Promoting Science Based Approaches to Teen Pregnancy Prevention Project (PSBA-GTO). However, CDC did not evaluate GTO's impact on program fidelity or teen sexual health outcomes. The proposed randomized, controlled trial would build on the tools developed in PSBA-GTO and other GTO projects to compare staff capacity, program fidelity, and teen sexual health outcomes across 16 Boys and Girls Clubs implementing MPC in the fashion typical of community settings (8 in Atlanta, 8 in Alabama) with 16 Boys and Girls Clubs implementing MPC augmented with GTO (also 8 in Atlanta, 8 in Alabama). The specific aims of this investigator-initiated R01 are to:
1. Assess the (a) utilization of and (b) subsequent effects of GTO on program staff capacity to implement EBPs
2. Assess the degree to which Boys and Girls Clubs using GTO show greater improvements in MPC fidelity than Boys and Girls Clubs that are not using GTO
3. Assess the degree to which middle-school-aged youth enrolled in the Boys and Girls Clubs using GTO show greater improvements in sexual health outcomes than Boys and Girls Clubs that are not using GTO
This study has the potential to document, for the first time, how a capacity-building intervention (GTO) can help community-based organizations implement EBPs and improve teen sexual health outcomes. This information is critical as states and particularly the federal government are allocating substantial funds to implement EBPs to prevent teen pregnancy in community-based settings (e.g., in FY 2010 the Administration for Children and Families Office of Adolescent Health dedicated $110 million). As such, the proposed study will inform the ongoing debate about how to best improve the implementation of EBPs to achieve better teen sexual health outcomes and educate policymakers' about the resources needed for successful implementation of EBPs on a large scale.
