Study to Compare Busulfan-fludarabine With Thiotepa-fludarabine Regimen in Allogeneic Transplantation for Myelofibrosis

This is the first study to explore the efficacy of two different Reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens for allogeneic stem cell transplantation in myelofibrosis. The choice of 60 patients is based on feasibility reasons. GITMO data at hand points to an estimated accrual of twenty patients per year over a tree-year enrolment period. Criteria for defining sample size do not follow statistical power estimates in order to demonstrate the difference of lack of it between two treatments. However, the criteria reflect the overall efficacy and safety of comparing the two treatments among all patients requiring the treatment within the health system. This criterion offers the best estimate for power of study. Myelofibrosis is a clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder that is clinically characterized by progressive anemia, marked splenomegaly, extramedullary hematopoiesis, constitutional symptoms and a significant risk of evolution into acute leukaemia myelofibrosis can appear as a primitive or idiopathic disorder or, less frequently, as a secondary complication of essential thrombocythemia or polycythemia vera, with a clinical presentation and course similar to the idiopathic form. The disease affects mainly elderly people, with a median age at diagnosis of about 65 years. It is a heterogeneous disorder in term of presentation and evolution, with a median overall survival (OS) varying between 2 and 15 years, depending on the presence or absence of clinically defined prognostic factors. Adverse prognostic factors for survival have included advanced age, marked anemia, leukocytosis or leukopenia, abnormal karyotype, constitutional symptoms and presence of circulating blasts. Moreover, the prognostic value of cytogenetic abnormalities, increased number of circulating cluster of differentiation 34 cells in peripheral blood and Janus kinase 2 mutational status has been also evaluated. The available prognostic score systems are mainly based on clinical variables. The most widely used is the 'Lille score' (Dupriez et al.) which is based on hemoglobin level and leukocyte count. The Mayo Clinic Group tried to improve the Lille score by adding thrombocytopenia and monocytosis. The International Working Group for Myelofibrosis Research and Treatment recently proposed a new scoring system analyzing the largest patient population and recognized 5 main unfavourable variables which were: age \> 65 years, presence of constitutional symptoms, and circulating blasts cells ≥ 1%, anemia and leucocytosis. All these prognostic systems could clearly separate intermediate or high risk patients (with a median survival ranging between 1 and 4 years) from patients with a favourable prognosis (median survival of 8-10 years). Kroger on behalf of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation reported data on 104 patients mainly with intermediate or high risk score who received a conditioning regimen based on fludarabine 180 mg/mq and busulfan 8 mg/kg i.v or 10 mg/Kg p.o and hematopoietic stem cells coming from sibling or unrelated donors. Engraftment was 99%; 1-year transplant-related mortality was 16% and was significantly increased in patients older than 50 years, in cases with intermediate and high-risk myelofibrosis and after transplants from mismatched donors. Five-year overall survival was 67% and 5 -year event-free-survival was 51%. Relapse rate was higher in splenectomized patients and if disease duration prior transplant was \>24 months. Moreover, Kroger reported that this conditioning regimen induced a Janus kinase 2 negativity in 78% of patients carrying the V617-JAK2 mutation before transplant and produced a rapid regression of bone marrow fibrosis in 59% of patients al day +100 and in 100% of patients at day +360. At present, the busulfan-fludarabine regimen could be considered as the Reduced-intensity conditioning regimen that has been tested on the largest patient population and demonstrated the best results in terms of feasibility and clinical, molecular and histological responses. The Principal Investigator has recently reported data on a population of 100 patients with myelofibrosis who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in 26 transplant centers that are part of the GITMO in a 20-year period between 1986 and 2006 and we retrospectively analyzed the influence of patient and disease clinical features before stem cell transplantation and of transplant procedures on transplant-related mortality (TRM) and overall survival. We confirmed that myelofibrosis remains a rare indication for stem cell transplantation with the recruitment of about 15-17 cases per year since 2002 and observed a great heterogeneity in terms of conditioning regimens, Graft versus Host Disease prophylaxis and supportive measures. Although we observed a significative and progressive improvement of transplant-related mortality after 1996, we couldn't recognized any significative difference in outcome either between patients treated with myeloablative versus reduced- intensity regimens or among those treated with different Reduced-intensity conditioning regimen. The lack of any association between intensity of conditioning or type of drugs included in the preparative regimen could be in part due to the great heterogeneity of transplant procedures. However, we showed that the regimens including thiotepa were administered to 24 out 52 patients (46%), whereas the other patients received heterogeneous preparative regimens. The combination of thiotepa and cyclophosphamide was originally described for autologous transplants; then thiotepa was used with a 30% dose reduction as Reduced-intensity conditioning regimen in association with Cyclophosphamide and/or fludarabine followed by haematopoietic stem cells in elderly patients with acute leukemias, in heavily pretreated relapsed or refractory lymphomas and in myelodysplastic syndromes, showing to be highly feasible and effective. Both these protocols were used in Italy by researchers and physicians participating to GITMO. In conclusion, the rational of the present study are the following: * myelofibrosis is a rare indication for allogeneic transplantation with a limited number of patients recruitable in the whole Italian region. * At the present time there are not available sufficient data to support a standard conditioning regimen for these patients. * Italian hematologists grouped in the GITMO intend to overcome the general uncertainty in the choice of the conditioning regimen and to test prospectively in a controlled study a uniform strategy of transplant procedures for this rare condition. * Therefore, we want to compare two Reduced-intensity conditioning regimens, the thiotepa-fludarabine regimen, that has been the most common one used in Italy in the last 5 years , and the busulfan-fludarabine one, that has been reported in the literature to achieve the best results in terms of feasibility and clinical responses . A randomized comparison is likely to increase our knowledge on safety and efficacy of these conditioning regimens and consolidate assumption for the planning of a phase II trial.