Intestinal Transport of Microbial Metabolites in Chronic Kidney Disease

Exclusion Criteria

• •History of gastro-intestinal disease (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease)
• •History of colon surgery
• •Recipient of a renal or other solid organ transplant
• •Exposure to antibiotics or drug therapy with a known influence on intestinal transporters (e.g., P-gp) or enzymes during 2 weeks before colonoscopy