1. Anticipated move out of area that prevents return for a follow-up visit

2. Unavailability for follow-up visit

3. Less than 90 days post-partum or post-abortion

4. Sexually transmitted infection (STI) diagnosed less than 30 days prior to enrollment

5. Use of OC, contraceptive ring or patch, single rod implant, LNG-IUD, or copper-containing IUD less than 3 months prior to enrollment

6. DMPA injection less than 6 months prior to enrollment

7. History of immunosuppressive condition of current use of immunosuppressive medications

8. History of a cervical malignancy

9. Detection of cervical anatomic pathologic conditions that preclude cervical biopsy procurement

10. Intolerance or contradiction to use of OC, DMPA, or LNG-IUD

Modulation of Mucosal and Systemic Immunity by Hormonal Contraceptives