Pulse Oximetry- Performance During Severe Signal Interference

Exclusion Criteria

• •1. A room-air baseline % modulation \< 1.5% on all four fingers on the test hand
• •2. Pregnancy or lactating women
• •3. History of syncopal episodes
• •4. Hypertension (defined as a systolic pressure of \>145 mmHg or a diastolic pressure \>90 mm Hg on three consecutive readings)
• •5. Premature ventricular contractions (PVC's) that are symptomatic or occur at a rate of more than 5/minute
• •6. History of seizures (except childhood febrile seizures) or epilepsy
• •7. Routine use of tranquilizers and/or excessive anxiety
• •8. History of frequent headaches or migraines
• •9. History of stroke
• •10. Previous injury or trauma to fingers or hands that may change blood flow or vascular supply and affect our ability to test multiple sensors
• •11. History of "altitude sickness" defined as headaches, malaise or dizziness when in the mountains or in an aircraft at altitude significantly above sea level for a prolonged period of time (\> 1 hour)
• •12. History of significant respiratory disease, such as severe asthma, emphysema, etc.
• •13. Sickle cell disease or trait.
• •14. The use of medications, pre-existing medical conditions, treatment for a medical condition or any other reason deemed relevant by the clinician conducting the study.
• •15. A clinically significant abnormal finding on medical history, physical examination, clinical laboratory test or ECG. Clinical significance will be assessed by the principal investigator or designee.
• •16. Prior or known allergies to lidocaine (or similar pharmacologic agents, e.g., Novocain)
• •17. Prior or known allergies to heparin
• •18. History of transient ischemic attacks or carotid artery disease
• •19. History of myocardial ischemia, angina, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure or cardiomyopathy
• •20. History of chronic renal impairment
• •21. History of recent arterial cannulation (less than 1 month prior to study)
• •22. History of complications from previous arterial cannulation
• •23. Current use of blood thinners