Antimalarial Pharmacology in Children and Pregnant Women in Uganda

This study is designed to directly address antimalarial PK and pharmacodynamics (PD) objectives in children and pregnant women, the populations most vulnerable to malaria. This study will focus on the pharmacology of artemether-lumefantrine (AL), the most commonly prescribed anti-malarial drug in sub-Saharan Africa and inform specific dosing guidelines for AL treatment of uncomplicated malaria for these populations. Traditionally, studies have focused on non-pregnant adults, largely ignoring the effects of childhood maturation and pregnancy on drug disposition. This gap in research is specified as a top priority by the WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), who emphasize the importance of proper PK and PD study in relevant populations to reduce the threat of ACT drug resistance and treatment failure. This study will allow optimization of ACT regimens, especially in the setting of HIV co-infection and inform use of ART, specifically for the nucleoside analogues, in the setting of malaria and ACT, with the goal of reducing toxicity. This study complements ongoing PROMOTE trials and provides valuable PK and PD data leveraged to the existing trials, greatly decreasing research costs. This study involves co-enrollment of HIV-infected children and pregnant women already enrolled in PROMOTE which is investigating PI- vs NNRTI-based ART treatment strategies for reducing malaria-related morbidity in HIV and malaria co-infected children and pregnant women. PROMOTE trials were designed in collaboration with Ugandan health care experts and officials and results are expected to rapidly impact Ugandan health policy. This study builds on knowledge gained through PROMOTE. The study also permits enrollment of HIV infected children and pregnant women not in PROMOTE but managed through TDH or other referral site in the Tororo area. Lastly this study will enroll HIV uninfected children, pregnant women and non-pregnant adults. This study utilizes state-of-the-art PK designs and drug assay methods relying on a combination of intensive and population models to optimize PK/PD analysis. Intensive studies using serial sampling in a relatively small number of subjects will address focused questions on PK exposure while population studies using less frequent sampling in large numbers of subjects will study relationships between PK exposure, clinical response (treatment failure, new infection, and placental malaria), and toxicity (neutropenia) while considering multiple potential covariates. This study includes development and utilization of small volume assay methods for ACT and ART to optimize PK/PD study in children and pregnant women and will be a useful tool for future research trials in resource limited settings. Rationale for this study is summarized below: * Dosing guidelines for children and pregnant women have relied on studies carried out in non-pregnant adults * Children and pregnant women exhibit distinct physiological characteristics that impact how drugs are handled by the body and thus are likely treated improperly * This gap in research has been deemed an area of high priority by WWARN • Improper dosing may compromise care of acute infection but more importantly contribute to develop of resistance * ACT therapies must be protected from factors contributing to resistance * Drug-drug interactions between anti-malarial treatment and ART must be evaluated to assure optimized dosing. * Drug toxicity, in particular neutropenia, in the setting of HIV-malaria co-infection may be due to important drug-drug interactions * Intensive PK design resulting in determination of a precise area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC) will permit robust comparisons so that results will inform treatment guidelines and policy for HIV-infected children and pregnant women. * Once optimized dosing is determined, the PK of this new dosing will be confirmed through follow-up (F/U) studies * We need state of the art analytical tools to quantitate key drugs in small volume samples collected from vulnerable populations including young children