Re-boosting of HIV-1 Infected Subjects With Vacc-4x

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects the cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) subset of T-cells that are critical for initiating immune responses to infection. The level of CD4 cells in the blood is a marker of a patient's immunological status. During the course of an HIV infection, the number of CD4 cells decreases, resulting in reduced immunological responsiveness and ultimately immune deficiency. Current management of an HIV infection includes antiretroviral therapy (ART). The advent of effective ART in 1996 led to a profound decrease in type 1 HIV (HIV-1)-associated morbidity and mortality in developed countries where ART has been available. Despite the ability of ART to inhibit HIV-1 replication, it cannot cure infection, making ART a lifelong treatment that requires sustained compliance and imposes significant individual and societal financial burdens on healthcare services. Furthermore, ART side effects (e.g., metabolic toxicity and stigmatizing body fat redistribution) often require medication that further increases the inconveniences and financial burdens of HIV management. Of additional concern is the emergence of viruses resistant to ART that can result in treatment failure. Vacc-4x is a peptide-based HIV therapeutic vaccine. The primary objective of Vacc-4x therapeutic vaccine is to strengthen the immune system's response to HIV p24. ART dramatically reduces the level of virus in circulation in the body, thereby allowing the immune system to focus on the therapeutic vaccine that is administered. ART also allows for the generation of new naïve CD4 cells that can be triggered by the therapeutic vaccine to generate new immune responses to HIV-1. Subjects are therefore immunized with Vacc-4x in the presence of ART to generate new HIV-specific immune responses that can sustain immunological fitness for prolonged periods when patients are removed from ART. It is likely that periodic boosting on ART will be required to sustain the immunotherapeutic effect - in this way ART may become an intermittent therapy. This study is a follow-up, re-boosting study of Study CT-BI Vacc-4x 2007/1 (EudraCT Number 2007-006302-13) performed in US and Europe (UK, Germany, Spain and Italy). All subjects to be included have been given a therapeutic immunization with Vacc-4x during the CT-BI Vacc-4x 2007/1 study. During the study a reduction in the viral load set-point (mean viral load at Week 48 and Week 52, or if Week 52 not reached, mean viral load of the last two measured values before restart of ART) was seen in the Vacc-4x group compared to placebo group. Further stimulation of the immune system by re-boosting with Vacc-4x could reduce the viral load set-point further.