Radiotherapy Dose Complement in the Treatment of Hypoxic Lesions Patients With Stage III Non-small-cell Lung Cancer

Background This phase II study will assess the efficacy and safety of a radiotherapy dose complement (boost) in the treatment of hypoxic lesions, measured by F-miso PET/CT, in patients with stage III NSCLC not amenable to surgery and candidate for chemoradiotherapy. There is a strong theoretical rationale supporting a radiotherapy dose increase in patients with hypoxic pulmonary tumour. F-miso PET enables in vivo identification and localisation of hypoxic tumoral areas, which constitute a target for an increased total dose of radiation therapy. Preliminary studies in head and neck cancers have demonstrated the feasibility and support the medical benefit of this novel approach. To date, no studies investigating non-small-cell lung cancer patients have been performed. Given the methodological constraints, we propose a Gehan plan optimizing the number of subjects to be enrolled and the budget. The project team has been working on imaging of radiotherapy targets for NSCLC for many years within a research group identified by the French National Cancer Institute (INCa) in 2005, and part of the axis 3 of Northwest Canceropole (Prof. Gregoire - Prof. Lartigau - Prof. Vera)2. This project was presented at an EORTC meeting "Imaging and radiotherapy" (organised by Dr. Nestlé) on May 28th 2010. It has been approved by the President of ESTRO (Prof. Gregoire) and the members of SFMN (French Society of Nuclear Medicine) and of the SFRO (French Society of Radiation Oncology) during an "Imaging and Hypoxia" Meeting in September 8th, 2010. The aim of the study is to assess the efficacy and safety of a radiotherapy dose complement (boost) in this difficult medical condition for which only limited treatment options are available. Objective(s) of the clinical study Main objective: to evaluate the rate of local control after dose complement in hypoxic lesions \[maximum dose without the fraction of total lung volume receiving more that 20 Gy exceeding 30% of the lung (V20)\], as determined by F-miso PET/CT. Secondary objectives: * 3 months and 1 year toxicity * Percentage of patients for whom the RT dose could be increased * Simultaneous variation of the glucose metabolism and hypoxia during radiotherapy * Predictive value on 1-year survival probability of the variations in glucose metabolism and hypoxia during radiotherapy Main inclusion criteria * Patients with stage III non-small-cell lung cancer candidate for curative radio-chemotherapy * The final inclusion is granted after completion of a dosimetric study confirming that the dose objectives (minimum dose of 60 Gy in 99% of target volume) and constraints to organs at risk can be achieved. Main assessment criteria \- Percentage of local control as evaluated by CT (RECIST criteria) and FDG PET/CT at 3 months Assessment criteria for hypoxia Visual analysis: centralized via SFMN net with 3 blinded readers within 8 days (Richin, JCO 2006). Definition of hypoxia and decision about boost dose. Quantitative analysis: hypoxic fraction determined retrospectively (secondary endpoints and ancillary study). The Gross Target Volume (GTV) will be delineated on FDG PET/CT images using an adaptive method (Vauclin, PMB 2009). The contour of the GTV will be copied onto F-miso PET images after registration. Voxels with a signal to noise ratio greater than 1.2 will be considered as the hypoxic volume. Experimental plan Assumption: to increase the local control rate at 3 months from 17% to 40%. A two-staged Gehan plan will be implemented. The assumption of therapeutic efficacy is π = 0.4 - In the first stage, 6 patients will receive a radiotherapy dose boost on the hypoxic lesions. If no local control is observed in these 6 patients, the trial will be stopped (power 0.95). In a second stage, the number of patients to be included will be determined according to the number of local controls in stage 1, the desired precision being set to ε = 0.10 (n=19 maximum). Number of subjects required 60 patients with significant uptake on FDG-PET imaging after neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (75 pre-inclusion) will be included. Only half of these 60 patients (30) are expected to be definitely eligible with F-miso PET identifying hypoxic areas. Out these 30 eligible patients, we assume that 5 will not be evaluable, so that a total of 25 evaluable patients will be assessable.