Placement of Covered Stents to Treat Hemodialysis Access Stenoses in the Cephalic Arch and Central Veins

Exclusion Criteria

• •1. The patient has a known or suspected systemic infection.
• •2. The patient has a known or suspected infection of the hemodialysis access and / or bacteremia.
• •3. The patient is currently taking maintenance immunosuppressant medication such as rapamycin, mycophenolate or mycophenolic acid, prednisone (\>10 mg per day), cyclosporine, tacrolimus, or cyclophosphamide.
• •4. The patient has known bleeding disorder (e.g., hemophilia or von Willebrand's disease).
• •5. The patient has known sensitivity to heparin.
• •6. The patient is scheduled for a live donor kidney transplant.
• •7. The patient is enrolled in another investigational study or another access maintenance trial
• •8. The patient has comorbid conditions that may limit their ability to comply with the follow-up requirements
• •9. Life expectancy is ≤ 24 months.
• •10. The patient has an untreatable allergy to radiographic contrast material.
• •11. The patient is pregnant.
• •12. In the opinion of the operating physician, the patient's hemodialysis access circuit is unsuitable for endovascular treatment.
• •13. The patient's access is planned to be abandoned within 1 year.
• •14. The patient has indwelling catheters (dialysis, pacemakers, ports).
• •15. The patient has a central vein stent that would lead to jailing of the internal jugular vein.
• •16. The patient experiences angioplasty-induced venous rupture.
• •17. The patient has a flow limiting dissection after angioplasty.
• •18. The patient's hemodialysis access is thrombosed.