This randomized multicenter Phase III clinical trial is intended to provide histopathological and clinical information on an innovative, minimally-invasive approach (focused microwave thermotherapy) to the preoperative treatment of breast cancer, using a minimally invasive focused microwave phased array device, the Medifocus, Inc. APA 1000 Breast Thermotherapy Treatment System (heat treatment). Subjects with large primary operable breast cancer, in the intact breast, with clinical tumor size greater than or equal to 3.5 cm (including tumor classification T2 or T3), clinically node negative N0 or node positive (N1 or N2) with distant metastasis (M1) or without distant metastasis (M0) will be randomized (ratio 1:1) to receive (1) preoperative thermotherapy combined with preoperative anthracycline-based combination chemotherapy and standard of care versus (2) preoperative anthracycline-based combination chemotherapy and standard of care alone. The anthracycline-based regimen will be limited to those of the current National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines for dose/drug/schedule at the time of patient enrollment. In both arms of the study, standard of care including breast imaging, drugs, and radiation therapy will be provided to all eligible subjects during and following the preoperative regimen. At the clinical discretion of the treating physician, subjects that are estrogen-receptor positive may receive Tamoxifen therapy the day following the completion of chemotherapy. Radiation therapy to the breast tissues and lymph nodes will be given as part of the standard of care for eligible subjects. Treatment Arm I (new arm) regimen includes three preoperative thermotherapy treatments at intervals corresponding to the first three cycles of anthracycline-based combination chemotherapy plus standard of care. The addition of preoperative thermotherapy to preoperative anthracycline-based combination chemotherapy may improve the tumor response rate in terms of shrinkage (the primary endpoint) and may increase the option to perform breast conservation (a secondary endpoint) compared to that achieved with preoperative anthracycline-based combination chemotherapy and standard of care alone. Note: Since there is no consensus combination drug regimen for neoadjuvant treatment of large breast cancer tumors, each study site will use its own standard of care which will include other chemotherapy/drug agents commonly used in combination with an anthracycline (Doxorubicin (trade name Adriamycin) or Epirubicin (trade name Ellence)), which is the study base drug type.
The rationale for including patients that have distant metastasis (M1) at enrollment in this study is as follows. Traditionally, patients with stage IV (metastatic) breast cancer and an intact primary breast tumor have been treated with chemotherapy and radiation for palliation of symptoms, because this metastatic condition is considered to be an incurable disease. In some cases, surgery has been considered for stage IV patients with large, symptomatic breast lesions to control local wound complications and to improve quality of life. However, four recent retrospective peer-reviewed studies have suggested that removing the primary tumor may lead to an improvement in overall survival.
The investigator or designee will fully explain the nature of the study to the subject, along with the aims, methods, anticipated benefits, potential hazards and discomfort that participation might entail. After the nature of the study has been explained and all the subject's questions have been answered, and if the subject agrees to participate in the study, the informed consent will be reviewed and signed by the subject.
Each subject will be treated by thermochemotherapy (new arm) or chemotherapy alone (control arm) and followed for 90 days after surgery during the study. Patients will be followed annually as practiced as standard of care by each participating institution - patients will be followed for tumor recurrence and future medical intervention related to the patient's breast cancer.
Thermotherapy is administered in an out-patient setting. During thermotherapy which is completed in approximately 60 minutes or less, the patient is treated in the prone position on a treatment bed. After administering a local anesthetic, to guide the treatment a minimally invasive combination microwave/temperature probe is placed in the tumor under ultrasound guidance. The thermotherapy treatment is adjusted in accordance with patient comfort.
Anthracycline-based chemotherapy will be administered in accordance with standard preoperative chemotherapy delivery at each study center - the number of chemotherapy cycles and cycle timing may vary in this study. Each study center will be using anthracycline (Doxorubicin or Epidoxorubicin) as the base chemotherapy agent and the other chemotherapy agents and drugs will vary depending on the study center and subject specific needs. Each cycle of Doxorubicin at 60 mg/m2 for four cycles or Epidoxorubicin at 100 mg/m2 for 6 cycles and combination Standard of Care chemotherapy will be administered nominally every 21 (plus or minues 7) days. The timing between cycles of anthracycline can be subject specific at the physician's discretion, but in no case will anthracycline be administered with a cycle timing of less than seven (7) days between anthracycline cycles. A thermotherapy session will be administered on the same day as the administration of the first, second, and third cycle of preoperative Doxorubicin or Epidoxorubicin chemotherapy. Chemotherapy will be administered and then the subject will receive thermotherapy. (If the thermotherapy session cannot be administered on the same day as Doxorubicin or Epidoxorubicin chemotherapy it will be administered as soon as possible the following day but no later than 36 hours post Doxorubicin or Epidoxorubicin chemotherapy. The remaining cycle(s) of chemotherapy will then be administered without thermotherapy. If the desired cumulative minimum thermal dose is achieved in the first three thermotherapy treatments, the remaining cycle(s) of chemotherapy will then be administered without thermotherapy. If the desired cumulative minimum thermal dose is not achieved during the first three preoperative Doxorubicin or Epidoxorubicin chemotherapy cycles, thermotherapy will be administered with the fourth cycle of preoperative chemotherapy. If the subject cannot tolerate more than one or two thermotherapy treatments, the subject will continue in the study on the remaining cycles of chemotherapy. If the subject has clinically progressive disease, the thermo-chemotherapy treatment will be discontinued and the subject will receive the remaining cycles of chemotherapy preoperatively or postoperatively (as standard care).
At the end of the course of thermo-chemotherapy or chemotherapy alone, and following all pre-surgery evaluations, the surgeon and subject will make decisions on the extent of surgery to be performed. These decisions will be made on the basis of surgical and institutional standards, and those of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Breast Cancer Treatment Guidelines. Subjects will undergo mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery. It is understood that some subjects will select mastectomy for treatment even when the surgeon recommends breast conservation. The surgeon shall document the reasons why either mastectomy or breast conservation was selected.
The subject will undergo clinical exam and imaging of the breast to measure tumor size, the day prior to or the day of the lumpectomy or mastectomy. Any additional imaging will be at the discretion of the physician. At the discretion of the physician, an optional core biopsy of the tumor will be taken the day prior or the day of the surgery.
Following surgery, pathology will be performed on the excised breast tumor tissue to determine tumor cell death. For breast conservation, the breast must be of sufficient size to allow adequate tumor removal with a satisfactory cosmetic result. The objective of surgery is to obtain local control of the breast cancer with the best cosmetic result possible. A breast conservation surgery procedure requires excision of the tumor and margins without removal of more normal breast tissue than is required to achieve negative margins. Pathologic evaluation of the excised tissue will determine whether the margins are negative or positive. For subjects with involved margins following breast conservation surgery, if the breast will tolerate it, the subject may undergo one or more further segmental resections in order to achieve clear margins.
