Characterization of Phenotypic and Genotypic Regressors for Imaging

Exclusion Criteria

• •History of neurological illnesses that per the study clinicians would be significant enough to impair ability to tolerate the procedure or alter neuronal activity, including but not limited to CVA, CNS tumor, head trauma with significant sequelae, Multiple Sclerosis or other demyelinating diseases, epilepsy, movement disorders, or migraine in treatment. Assessment tool: History and physical (H\&P). Rationale: Neurological illnesses may impair ability to tolerate the procedures and alter neuronal activity, adding noise to the data.
• •Cognitive impairment (unless this population of subjects is included in another IRP protocol for which the subject is also under consideration). Assessment tool: self-report during H\&P of special education classes, history of specific learning disability or mental retardation. A validated IQ test such as the Shipley-2 may also be administered. Rationale: Cognitive impairment may impair ability to tolerate the procedures and alter neuronal activity, adding noise to the data.
• •Current major mood, anxiety or psychotic disorder (unless this population of subjects is included in another IRP protocol for which the subject is also under consideration). Assessment tool: self-report, H\&P, a structured or semi-structured psychiatric interview such as the computerized SCID with follow up clinical interview (or full interviewer-administered). Rationale: Current major mood or psychotic disorders may impair ability to tolerate the procedures and alter neuronal activity, adding noise to the data.
• •Pregnancy. Assessment tool: Urine pregnancy test. Rationale: fMRI is not accepted as a safe procedure purely for research purposes during pregnancy.
• •HIV -positive individuals. Assessment tool: oral HIV test with serum confirmation of positive results. Rationale: potential liver/metabolic/vascular disease can interfere with the physiological transduction mechanisms for fMRI (i.e. making the measurement unreliable).
• •Unable to undergo MRI scanning due to possible pregnancy, metallic devices in the body, claustrophobia or body morphometry.
• •Currently using respiratory, cardiovascular or anticonvulsant medications that may interfere with the BOLD MRI signal.
• •Non-English speaking. Assessment tool(s): self-report. Rationale: To include non-English speakers, we would have to translate the consent and other study documents and hire and train bilingual staff, which would require resources that we do not have and could not justify given the small sample size for each experiment. Additionally, the data integrity of some of the cognitive tasks and standardized questionnaires used in this study would be compromised as they have only been validated in English. Most importantly, ongoing communication regarding safety procedures is necessary when participants are undergoing study procedures. The inability to effectively communicate safety procedures in a language other than English could compromise the safety of non-English speaking participants.
• •Other health conditions that would impact safety of participation or scientific integrity of data collection.
• •1. A DSM-5 major psychiatric diagnoses unrelated to a substance use disorder including but not limited to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Diagnoses secondary to substance use disorder will be allowable providing the participant's symptoms do not interfere with the ability to complete assessments. Assessment tool: self-report, H\&P, structured or semi-structured psychiatric interview.
• •Rationale: Current major mood or psychotic disorders may impair ability to complete the assessments and would add unnecessary noise to the data.
• •2. Cognitive impairment. Assessment tool: self-report during H\&P of special education classes, history of specific learning disability or mental retardation. A validated IQ test such as the Shipley-2 may also be administered. Rationale: Cognitive impairment may impair ability to complete the assessments and would add unnecessary noise to the data.
• •3. Non-English speaking. Assessment tool(s): self-report. Rationale: To include non-English speakers, we would have to translate the consent and other study documents and hire and train bilingual staff, which would require resources that we do not have and could not justify given the small sample size for each experiment. Additionally, the data integrity of some of the cognitive tasks and standardized questionnaires used in this study would be compromised as they have only been validated in English. Most importantly, ongoing communication regarding safety procedures is necessary when participants are undergoing study procedures. The inability to effectively communicate safety procedures in a language other than English could compromise the safety of non-English speaking participants.