Lack of parental consent

Rapid sequence induction with cricoid pressure

Use of neuromuscular blocking agent/s for intubation.

Active gastroesophageal reflux disease

Active upper respiratory tract infection

Chronic active lung disease requiring frequent treatment such as asthma, or chronic lung disease of prematurity etc.

Surgery in the lateral or prone position

Oropharyngeal, neck , laryngeal, or laparoscopic surgery

Tracheostomy in-situ

History of previous laryngeal or tracheal surgery

History of tracheal or laryngeal abnormalities, or stridor of unknown origin.

History of symptomatic neuromuscular disease or paralysis

History or features suggestive of a difficult airway on pre-anesthetic evaluation and physical examination.

Leak Pressure of Uncuffed Pediatric Endotracheal Tubes