Dairy Foods and Weight Loss

Exclusion Criteria

• •BMI\<28or\>37. BMI greater than 37 indicates another level of obesity and the potential for numerous obesity related endocrine changes and substrate utilization abnormalities.
• •* Type II diabetes requiring the use of any oral anti-diabetic agent and/or insulin (because of confounding effects on body weight regulation).
• •* Fasting glucose \> 110 mg/dl.
• •* Adverse response to study foods (lactose intolerance, dairy intolerance, dairy allergy; this will be determined by self-report.
• •* High calcium diet (determined by food frequency and diet history): Greater than 600 mg calcium per day from all sources (Ca supplements, dairy foods and other dietary sources).
• •* History or presence of significant metabolic disease which could impact on the results of the study (i.e. endocrine, hepatic, renal disease).
• •* Use of hypertension or lipid altering medications.
• •* Resting blood pressure \> 160/100 mg/Hg
• •* Total cholesterol \> 300mg/dl or triglyceride value \> 400 mg/dl or LDL \> 160 mg/dl.
• •* History of eating disorder
• •* Presence of active gastrointestinal disorders such as malabsorption syndromes
• •* Pregnancy or lactation
• •* Use of obesity pharmacotherapeutic agents within the last 12 weeks
• •* Use of over-the-counter anti-obesity agents (e.g. those containing phenylpropanolamine, ephedrine and/or caffeine) within the last 12 weeks
• •* Use of calcium supplements in the past 12 weeks
• •* Recent (past four weeks) initiation of an exercise program
• •* Recent (past twelve weeks) initiation of hormonal birth control or change in hormonal birth control regimen
• •* Use of tobacco products.
• •* Exercise more than 30 minutes/day - greater than this may influence substrate utilization.