Intermittent claudication (IC) is a common problem in the UK's elderly population with a prevalence of 5 -10%. Intermittent claudication infers significant quality of life limitations, however, it is a disease which generally runs a benign course with \>80% of patients remaining stable. Yet the annual mortality rate in claudicants approaches 5%, three times that of age and sex matched population, due to the high prevalence of co-morbidity. IC is under-recognised as a risk factor for coronary and cerebrovascular events. Sixty percent of claudicants die from coronary heart disease and 10% of them die from stroke. Treating the patient with claudication, therefore, is likely to pay high dividends in terms of reducing deaths from myocardial infarction and stroke. The most appropriate management of IC, therefore remains a topic for debate but potentially beneficial therapies include: supervised exercise programmes (SEP); \& percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA).
A recent Cochrane review of PTA versus non-surgical management for intermittent claudication highlighted only two appropriate studies. More recently the results of a randomized control trial from Sweden have been published. This emphasizes the dearth of reliable scientific data in this area. It is believed that aorta-iliac atherosclerosis is often a solitary disease as opposed to femoro-popliteal disease which is often a manifestation of more generalized atherosclerosis. Further, the 5-year PTA patency rates for aorta-iliac disease are much better than those for femoro-popliteal PTA. Therefore, PTA is a well-established treatment modality for aorta-iliac disease but its role in femoro-popliteal disease is debatable11. This trial aims to prove the most effective treatment modality for claudication due to femoro-popliteal disease.
The two treatment modalities in question work by different mechanisms. PTA increases the blood flow to the limb. Whereas, exercise works by a combination of factors including optimized structural and metabolic performance of skeletal muscle, improvement in rheological parameters, development of collaterals, improved walking technique and marked psychological benefit. Still the efficacy of any treatment modality in claudication is judged by improvements in the standard measures of lower limb ischaemia as suggested by the International Society of Cardiovascular Surgery (ISCVS). These are essentially segmental pressure measurements and walking distances.
The primary aim of any treatment for patients with peripheral vascular disease is to improve the quality of life (QoL) rather than prolong survival. Several studies have shown that the traditional measures of lower limb ischaemia bear little correlation to the patient's QoL and these therefore need to be assessed independently. Further, generic QoL measures on their own are not sensitive enough to detect minor changes in QoL and so disease-specific measures need to be included in the outcomes.
Evidence is accumulating that each episode of exercise to the onset of claudication pain followed by rest may be considered as a low-grade ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Repeated episodes of IRI may have a cumulative effect leading to vascular endothelial damage and progression of atherosclerosis. This may explain the excess cardiovascular mortality seen in these patients16. Most experimental work measuring the biochemical markers of IRI is done following an episode of acute exercise. Few studies have shown the effect of an exercise -training programme on the biochemical markers of IRI. We intend to investigate this as a secondary component to the trial.
Heat shock proteins (hsp) are ubiquitous proteins found in the cells of all organisms. They are mainly classified according to their molecular weight. In addition to being constitutively expressed heat shock proteins can be induced by a number of stressors including heat, ischaemia and oxidative stress. Members of the hsp70 family are the most extensively studied group of stress proteins and they have been implicated in the prevention of ischaemia-reperfusion induced apoptosis, necrosis and oxidative injury in a variety of cell types including the cardiac myocyte18. Studies have shown hsp and their antibodies in the serum of normal individuals. Anti-hsp70 antibody levels in serum have been shown to be higher in vascular patients (IC, critical ischaemia and aortic aneurysms). Heat shock proteins have been detected in atherosclerotic lesions in higher concentrations. It is postulated that hsp play a key role in the autoimmune pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Levels of anti-hsp antibodies are elevated in patients with carotid and coronary atherosclerosis and this correlates with the degree of atherosclerosis. Measuring anti-hsp antibodies in patients with IC undergoing exercise over a period of time may provide further valuable evidence on the role of heat shock proteins in atherosclerosis.
The secondary outcome measures of cost effectiveness analysis will interest health planners and clinicians as the health service has limited resources and 'value for money' has become increasingly important.
