Oocyte Cryopreservation: The Impact of Cryopreservation on the Meiotic Spindle and Mitochondria of Human Oocytes.

The cryopreservation of oocytes (OC) has broad applications in the field of reproductive endocrinology for the management of clinical problems in both fertile and infertile patients. For example, young fertile women who are diagnosed with malignancies may freeze their oocytes before initiating potentially toxic radiation or chemical cancer therapy which may render them sterile. Using the OC technology, we have established a frozen oocyte bank using healthy, compensated egg donors who have been pre- screened using FDA criteria. Following an appropriate quarantine time, oocytes can be thawed and offered to women diagnosed with premature ovarian failure or diminished ovarian reserve. This application of OC has already shown promise by eliminating the logistical and clinical complications associated with traditional oocyte donation using fresh oocytes from donors. From the societal perspective, cryopreservation of surplus oocytes in an IVF cycle may remove some of the social and moral objections surrounding embryo cryopreservation. Currently, our frozen oocyte pregnancy rate (56%) is equivalent to our frozen embryo pregnancy rate (45%). Patients, who have completed their families, find it easier to discard oocytes versus embryos. Finally, women who make a personal choice to delay childbearing may be offered the option to preserve their oocytes with the potential for later use. The two distinct techniques currently being used for oocyte cryopreservation are: 1) controlled-rate freezing and 2) vitrification. Controlled-rate freezing shares some similarities with the basic technology employed for embryo cryopreservation in nearly every IVF program. The technique involves the slow freezing of embryos in cryoprotectant solutions, often combined with a computer-controlled freezer to regulate temperature changes. Attempts to improve our understanding of oocyte cryobiology have been mostly empirical using trial and error. Only limited experience has been gained by adopting scientific models able to predict the effect of "cryo" stress imposed on oocytes using various freezing methods (Fuller and Paynter, 2004; Paynter, 2005). In the absence of properly designed studies, advances in clinical experience with oocyte freezing have been very limited. One of the major obstacles to the implementation of oocyte freezing had been the inability to achieve reproducible high survival rates owing to an important effect on the intracellular organelles. For example, due to its sensitivity at low temperature, the metaphase II spindle has always been considered susceptible to structural alterations which potentially might interfere with normal chromosome segregation at meiosis II. Additionally, the essential role of mitochondria in normal cell function, fertilization and early embryo development has previously been described (Jones et al., 2004). Our recently developed modified freeze-thaw protocol has consistently shown high recovery rates, leading to optimism that oocyte storage could at last become available in clinical practice. But it remains to be demonstrated that excellent post-thaw survival coincides with cellular integrity and unaltered developmental competence. Therefore, prior to recommending the adoption of oocyte cryopreservation, one of our aims is to document the possible effect of cryo- preservation at the meiotic spindle and mitochondrial levels. An important aim of our study is to assess the post-thaw viability and organelle integrity of oocytes using: 1) a conservative technique \[PolScope analysis of meiotic spindle\] and 2) a non-conservative technique \[Fluorescence microscopy analysis of the meiotic spindle and mitochondria\] using our oocyte cryopreservation protocol. Continuing development in freezing technology is occurring rapidly. It can be anticipated that in the near future, egg freezing will become as successful as embryo cryopreservation. Finally, as more clinical experience with egg freezing accumulates, acceptable outcome data will determine the future of egg freezing. Until then, oocyte cryopreservation should be used in carefully selected clinical cases with full disclosure to the patient regarding risks and limited success rates.