Randomized, Double-Blind Cross-Over Trial Of Buprenorphine and Low-Dose Naloxone Versus Buprenorphine

Exclusion Criteria

• •Participants must not meet any of the following:
• •1. Have a history of dependence on opiates, stimulants, alcohol, or benzodiazepines, as defined by DSM-IV criteria, within the past year (physical dependence on prescribed opioid analgesics is allowed but opioid dependence according to DSM-IV, i.e. opioid addiction, is not)
• •2. Use of any illicit or recreational drugs (heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, marijuana, etc.) ; or use of any long-acting opioid (i.e., methadone) in the 30 days prior to the initial screening visit
• •3. Concomitant use of medications that are inhibitors of CYP3A4 (e.g., azole antifungals, macrolide antibiotics, and HIV protease inhibitors), or medications that induce CYP3A4 activity (e.g., anticonvulsants and rifampin) that may alter the metabolism of buprenorphine
• •4. Have a medical condition that, in the study physician's judgment, may interfere with safe study participation for the individual study candidate. Because medical conditions may differ in terms of safe participation on an individual basis, this criterion must be based on a physician's determination after a medical history, exam, and lab tests and may also involve consultation with a study candidate's primacy care physician. Some examples of medical conditions that may be exclusionary for a particular individual, however include active tuberculosis, unstable and/or significant cardiovascular or liver disease, unstable diabetes (i.e., glycosylated hemoglobin A1C of 12%), uncontrolled HIV infection, altered renal function (serum creatinine males and females:\>3x upper limit of normal) or clinically significant elevated liver enzymes (ALT or AST greater than 3x the upper limit of normal)
• •5. Have a current neurological disorder (e.g., organic brain disease, dementia) or current major psychiatric disorder (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar illness, or PTSD) that would make study agent compliance difficult, that would compromise informed consent, or that would jeopardize safety
• •6. Have a history of suicide attempts in the past 180 days and/or current serious suicidal risk
• •7. Have any history of a seizure disorder
• •8. Have a known allergy or sensitivity to buprenorphine or naloxone
• •9. Receiving long-acting opioids, such as methadone, LAAM, or sustained release morphine, for treatment of pain (due to problems with initiating buprenorphine treatment among patients receiving long-acting opioids)
• •10. Have recent surgery or a major medical procedure that could potentially interfere with study participation
• •11. Any other circumstances that, in the opinion of the investigators, would interfere with study participation