Using Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy With MRI to Non-invasively Determine Breast Cancer Extent of Disease

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death in women. The spread of cancer from the breast to the lymph nodes is a significant factor in determining breast cancer survival. Currently, surgical procedures are performed to determine lymph node involvement. Full axillary lymph node dissection has a high morbidity associated with the procedure. While sentinel lymphadenectomy avoids a full axillary dissection in clinically negative axilla in untreated patients, it has been reported to have a false negative rate of less than 10%. Others have reported higher false negative rates after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. For those reasons, there is considerable interest in non-invasive methods that may allow staging of the axilla. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the breast with contrast-enhancement is increasingly being used in breast cancer patients to determine the size of the tumor and its extent. A few reports from Europe have been published regarding its use in evaluating axillary lymph node metastases preoperatively, and the results appear promising. Kvistad et al. demonstrated lymph node metastases using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, in which the study had a sensitivity of 83%, a specificity of 90%, and an accuracy of 88%. Luciani et al, suggest that lymph nodes with a large size, irregular contours, round hila, high-signal intensity on T2 sequences, and those with marked enhancement are associated with malignancy. Magnetic resonance imaging with spectroscopy (MRS) has been used in clinical practice for evaluation of brain tumors as a method for noninvasive detection of tumor metabolism. More recently, it has been used on other soft-tissue tumors, including breast. Like other soft-tissue tumors, breast cancers have increased levels of the amino acid choline. In several studies, the sensitivity and specificity of MRS for detecting breast cancer ranged from 73%-92% and 71%-93%, respectively. No known MRS data has been published regarding axillary lymph node involvement in patients with breast cancer. It is postulated that the choline peak should be elevated in lymph nodes with metastatic breast cancer. This is an observational study. All eligible patients who give informed consent will complete a MRI/MRS screening questionnaire and if there are no contraindications will undergo MRI/MRS imaging prior to their clinically indicated sentinel lymphadenectomy which may be followed by axillary dissection to be determined by surgeon during the course of surgery.