Primary Objective
* To evaluate toxicity and establish the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of intraperitoneal tgDCC-E1A in combination with intravenous paclitaxel.
* To measure tumor response of intraperitoneal tgDCC-E1A in combination with intravenous paclitaxel and compare to intravenous paclitaxel
Secondary Objective
* To measure time to progression and overall survival.
* To examine the biological effects of combined tgDCC- E1A and paclitaxel in ovarian cancer cells as measured by laboratory testing.
Epithelial ovarian cancer is a significant public health problem. It is the sixth most common cancer in women worldwide. Globally, it is estimated that 162,000 new cases are diagnosed per year, and that 106,000 women die from the disease per year.
Signs and symptoms of ovarian cancer are often subtle. Seventy-five percent of subjects will present with advanced stage III and IV disease. Standard treatment for stage III/IV subjects consists of surgical debulking to the maximal extent possible and chemotherapy with paclitaxel plus a platinum compound (cisplatin or carboplatin). Despite high initial response rates, the overall survival for this group is poor, with only 20% of stage III and less than 5% of stage IV subjects surviving five years.
Treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer varies depending upon the interval between prior treatment and recurrence. Twenty percent of subjects are classified as "platinum-refractory", in that they fail to have even a partial response to a platinum-containing regimen. Subjects with recurrent or progressive disease less than six months after initial therapy have a poor response rate to repeat treatment with a platinum-containing regimen, and are generally considered to have "platinum-resistant" disease. In contrast, subjects with recurrent disease greater than six months after initial therapy have better response rates to repeat treatment with platinum-containing regimens, and are generally considered to have "platinum-sensitive" disease.
There is no consensus for the treatment of "platinum-refractory" or "platinum-resistant" ovarian cancer, a class of individuals who are particularly challenging to treat. Prognosis is poor, and treatment is primarily palliative in nature. Responses to a variety of single chemotherapeutic agents, as well as to a combination of agents in largely phase II trials have been similar, ranging from 10-35%. Intravenous (IV) paclitaxel, given alone or in combination with other agents is a standard treatment for subjects who have relapsed. In an attempt to increase the dose intensity of paclitaxel therapy, weekly IV paclitaxel has been recommended. This treatment schedule is well tolerated, but the response rate in heavily pretreated subjects is still only 28.9%.
Given that this group of subjects is poorly responsive to conventional chemotherapy, and consequently has limited options, an alternative approach to treatment is warranted. The use of a gene therapy agent with anti-tumor effects and the ability to sensitize cancer cells to traditional chemotherapy is appealing.
* Overview of the Effect of E1A Gene Transfer on Cancer Cells:
E1A, a gene derived from Adenovirus type 5, has been shown to have potent anti-neoplastic activity through a variety of mechanisms, including down-regulation of HER-2/neu overexpression, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of metastasis, and reversion of tumor cells toward a differentiated epithelial phenotype. The E1A gene has also been shown to have an additive effect in vitro and in vivo on the apoptosis induced by chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The E1A gene has been successfully transfected into human cells both in vitro and in vivo using tgDCC-E1A (E1A-Lipid Complex), which consists of the E1A plasmid (pE1A-K2) complexed to the cationic lipid gene delivery system comprised of DC-Cholesterol 3b\[N-(N'N'-dimethylaminoethane)-carbamoyl\] cholesterol hydrochloride and DOPE (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine).
* Rationale for Use of Cationic Lipids to Deliver DNA:
Cationic lipids can form complexes with negatively charged DNA plasmids and facilitate the transfer of genes to target cells. They are useful agents for delivery of gene therapy because they are synthesized chemically, are simple to manufacture, and pose no infectious risk. The cationic derivative of cholesterol, 3b\[N-(N'N'-dimethylaminoethane)-carbamoyl\] cholesterol hydrochloride (DC-Chol) is an ideal cationic lipid for therapeutic use, as the cationic charge is provided by a non-toxic tertiary amine with a biodegradable carbamoyl bond. DC-Chol can be used to prepare liposomes in combination with the neutral 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) with a DC-Chol to DOPE ratio of 6:4. This liposome combination can be mixed with a plasmid encoding E1A to form tgDCC-E1A.
The final preparation of tgDCC-E1A can be made within a range of lipid:DNA ratios, all of which have been shown in cell culture and in animal models to result in expression of E1A. Clinical trials of tgDCC-E1A for injection into solid tumors have used a final preparation with a lipid:DNA ratio of 1 nmol lipid to 1 microgram DNA \[tgDCC-E1A (1:1)\]. Early clinical trials evaluating intracavitary administration (e.g. intraperitoneal infusion for ovarian cancer) used a preparation with a lipid:DNA ratio of 10 nmol lipid to 1 microgram DNA \[tgDCC-E1A (10:1)\]. More recent protocols of intraperitoneal delivery for ovarian cancer have used a preparation with a lipid:DNA ratio of 3 nmol lipid to 1 microgram DNA \[tgDCC-E1A (3:1)\], as will this protocol.
* Rationale for Intraperitoneal Delivery of tgDCC-E1A:
The peritoneal cavity is a common site of tumor recurrence after initial "radical" surgical treatment of ovarian malignancies. Dissemination in this cavity is often widespread. Because of the unusual natural course of ovarian cancer (characterized by its tendency to be confined to the peritoneal cavity), control of metastatic disease in the peritoneal cavity is an important and challenging problem, which can be improved by direct delivery of drug into the peritoneal cavity.
