Brain Imaging Changes in Fear and Anxiety

Exclusion Criteria

• •1. Clinically significant organic disease, e.g., cardiovascular disease.
• •2. Clinically significant abnormalities in physical examination.
• •3. Any medical condition that increases risk for fMRI (e.g. pacemaker, metallic foreign body in eye).
• •4. History of any disease, which in the investigators opinion may confound the results of the study, including, but not limited to, history of organic mental disorders, seizure, or mental retardation.
• •5. Have a current diagnosis of alcohol or substance abuse ACCORDING TO DSM IV CRITERIA
• •6. Have a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol or substance dependence ACCORDING TO DSM IV CRITERIA.
• •7. Unless subject is enrolled as a patient, subjects should not have current Axis I psychiatric disorders as identified with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, non-patient edition (SCID/NP).
• •8. If a healthy volunteer, past bipolar depression and any history of psychosis or delusional disorders.
• •9. If a healthy volunteer, first degree relative with history of psychotic disorder such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder
• •10. If a healthy volunteer, psychotropic medication within 4 weeks of scanning
• •11. Medications that act on the central nervous system (e.g., Lorazepam, Codeine) and thus may interfere with the interpretation of study results. Specific exclusionary drug classes include but are not limited to: (opioid analgesics, DA receptor agonists, anticholinergics, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, COMT inhibitors, as well as any illicit substances). In addition, healthy participants may not be on psychotropic medications.
• •12. Pregnancy, i.e., a positive Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) urine test conducted prior to each experiment session.
• •13. Current or past history of cubital tunnel syndrome or carpal tunnel syndrome for shock studies that use the wrist for placement of electrodes. Cubital tunnel and carpal tunnel syndrome are exclusionary only for diagnosis on same arm as electrodes and are not exclusionary for studies that place shocks on ankles or feet.
• •14. Reynaud's syndrome for the cold pressor test experiment
• •15. Color blindness (for the active avoidance task only)
• •Patients who would be unable to comply with study procedures or assessments.
• •Patients will be excluded if they have a current or past history of any psychotic disorder, bipolar disorder, delirium, dementia, amnestic disorder, cognitive disorder not otherwise specified, any of the pervasive developmental disorders, or mental retardation.
• •Patients (except PTSD) on psychotropic medications within 2 wees of study visits, or within 6 weeks of study visits for fluoxetine will be excluded.
• •PTSD patients on psychotropics medication within 2 weeks of study visits will be excluded, with the exception of antidepressants, and benzodiazepines; the preceding two classes of medications will not preclude enrollment for PTSD participants only.