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NCT06822907
Streptococcus pneumoniae is responsible for serious infections associated to numerous hospitalizations and high rate of mortality. The incidence and therefore the burden of pneumococcal infections have been significantly reduced thanks to the use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs). PCVs were shown to be effective against vaccine-type serotypes causing both non-invasive and invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) in children and adults. PCVs use in children was shown to have an impact on IPD incidence among adults due to herd immunity and on antimicrobial resistance. To increase the protection of at-risk patients against IPD, the 20-valent PCV (PCV-20) is recently recommended in adults, after a period where PCV-13 followed by pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine 23 valent (PPV-23) was recommended. PCV-20 effectiveness against IPD and against pneumonia was inferred from immunobridging with PCV-13. Indeed PCV-13 was shown effective to reduce the incidence of low respiratory tract infections and IPD (bacteraemia and meningitis) in 65-years-old-adults and older. Currently immunization against S. pneumoniae is recommended with PCV-20 for adult patients at-risk for IPD such as immunocompromised (=high-risk patients) and in immunocompetent people with underlying chronic conditions (cardiovascular, liver, pulmonary, kidney diseases and diabetes mellitus) (=medium risk patients). However, vaccine coverage against IPD in adults remains low globally, and does not exceed 5 % in France. Reducing missed opportunities of vaccination for S. pneumoniae is crucial.
NCT05292508
In Health Posts of rural areas operated by the Government of Nepal, there are limitations of tests to differentiate between bacterial and viral infections. Due to this, health workers are obliged to prescribe antimicrobials (antibacterials) just on the basis of clinical features. This can lead to irrational use of antimicrobials, consequently contributing to antimicrobial resistance. C-reactive protein is the marker of inflammation which rises during bacterial infection but rarely rises during viral infection. The investigators wish to compare the effect on antimicrobial usage of using CRP(C-Reactive Protein) test, a rapid diagnostic test used to differentiate bacterial and viral infection, with usual standard of care, by carrying out a cluster-randomized controlled trial. The investigators plan to carry out this study in eight Health Posts of Resunga, Dhurkot and Gulmi-Durbar Municipalities of Gulmi District. The investigators will randomly allocate four Health Posts (clusters) to the intervention arm- CRP TESTS in addition to Usual Standard of Care, and four Health Posts (clusters) to the control arm- Usual Standard of Care Alone. The investigators plan to study all patients above one year of age presenting with fever or a history of reported fever with a duration of up to 7 days in Health Posts. Primarily, the investigators will assess the rates of antimicrobial use per patient who presents with febrile illness. Secondarily, the investigators will also assess the outcome of illness of the patient such as need for subsequent hospital admission or severe or complicated illness. This testing method will supplement the existing methods to differentiate bacterial and viral infections based on history and clinical examination by health professionals as a part of usual standard of care in the Health Posts included in this study.