Breath Mass Spectrometry in Metabolic Syndrome and Metabolically Healthy Obesity

Inclusion Criteria

• •For Group 1 (Metabolic syndrome): Age \>18 years, signed informed consent, diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome (IDF 2006 criteria: waist circumference \>94 cm (men)/ \>80 cm (women) + ≥2 of: BP ≥130/85 mmHg or antihypertensive therapy; TG ≥1.7 mmol/L; HDL-C \<1.03 mmol/L (men) / \<1.29 mmol/L (women); Fasting glucose ≥5.6 mmol/L).
• •For Group 2 (Metabolically healthy obesity): Age \>18 years, signed informed consent, waist circumference ≥94 cm (men) / ≥80 cm (women), absence of other Metabolic Syndrome criteria (hypertension, dyslipidemia, impaired fasting glucose).
• •For Group 3 (Control): Age \>18 years, signed informed consent, normal BMI, absence of signs of Metabolic Syndrome.
• •Inability to provide informed consent;
• •History of myocardial infarction or stroke;
• •Chronic kidney disease stage 3B, 4, 5 (eGFR \<30 ml/min/1.73m2);
• •Acute or subacute cardiovascular disease;
• •Familial hypercholesterolemia;
• •Bronchopulmonary diseases;
• •Acute or chronic infectious diseases;
• •Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes mellitus;
• •Systemic connective tissue diseases;
• •Current or past history of oncological diseases;
• •Severe liver dysfunction, decompensated liver cirrhosis (Child-Pugh class C);
• •Pregnancy or lactation;
• •Severe mental illness (severe dementia, schizophrenia);
• •Comorbid conditions with life expectancy less than 1 year.