Evaluating the Impact of Adjuvant Use of Beta Blockers on Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury

Exclusion Criteria

• •1. Patients on pre-injury beta-blocker therapy.
• •2. Patients with any bronchospastic conditions.
• •3. Patients with active acute coronary syndrome.
• •4. TBI with GCS ≤ 13 with associated major injuries defined as the presence of any of the following:
• •1. Moderate \& marked IPFF requiring surgical intervention ( laparotomy ).
• •2. moderate \& marked lung contusion, pneumothorax \& hemothorax with accompanying symptoms of hypoxia, tachypnea, lower limbs, or limb amputation.
• •3. Compound fracture in the upper or lower limb.
• •4. Open Faciomaxillary trauma.
• •5. Patients with persistent shock (systemic blood pressure \<100 mmHg, base deficit \> 4, or oliguria , HR \< 60 b/min ) after \> one week of admission.