Emulation of the SOUL Diabetes Trial in Healthcare Claims

This is a non-randomized, non-interventional study that is part of the RCT DUPLICATE initiative (www.rctduplicate.org) of the Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School. It is intended to emulate, as closely as is possible in healthcare insurance claims data, the trial listed below/above. Although many features of the trial cannot be directly emulated in healthcare claims, key design features, including outcomes, exposures, and inclusion/exclusion criteria, were selected to proxy those features from the trial. Randomization is also not emulable in healthcare claims data but was proxied through a statistical balancing of measured covariates according to standard practice. Investigators assume that the RCT provides the reference standard treatment effect estimate and that failure to replicate RCT findings is indicative of the inadequacy of the healthcare claims data for emulation for a range of possible reasons and does not provide information on the validity of the original RCT finding. The SOUL trial, which is a superiority trial to evaluate the effect of oral semaglutide versus placebo on MACE outcomes (CV death, nonfatal MI, or nonfatal stroke) among individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and/or chronic kidney disease (CKD). The database study designed to emulate SOUL will be a new-user active comparative study, where we compare the effect of oral semaglutide versus sitagliptin on MACE outcome among patients with T2DM and with established ASCVD and/or CKD. Sitagliptin was selected to act as an active-comparator proxy for placebo. Sitagliptin and the class of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors have been demonstrated not to have an effect on MACE in a series of RCTs, and they are used in similar stages of disease/line of therapy as semaglutide, as well as being similarly costly.