Impact of Kolcaba Comfort Theory Training on Dyspnea, Function, and Comfort in COPD Patients

Exclusion Criteria

• •Patients experiencing an acute exacerbation.
• •Presence of non-COPD pulmonary problems or diagnosed cardiovascular diseases.
• •Psychiatric disorders that disrupt thought processes, such as dementia or schizophrenia.
• •Respiratory issues caused by diseases other than COPD.
• •Problems with communication or speech.
• •Use of a respiratory exercise device (PEP).
• •Inability to tolerate PEP use.
• •Desire to withdraw from the study at any point.