Efficacy and Safety of Liposomal Bupivacaine Injection for Paravertebral Nerve Block in the Treatment of Acute and Chronic Pain After Thoracoscopic Pneumonectomy: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled Clinical Trial

Exclusion Criteria

• •with severe cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction,unstable angina pectoris,severe cardiac rhythm disorders (second- and third-degree heart block,etc.), New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III/IV,Ischemic stroke.
• •with psychiatric disorders (such as schizophrenia,depression,etc.) and cognitive impairment.
• •with sensory disorders such as hyperalgesia.
• •with other bodily pain.
• •allergy to amide-type local anesthetics or any of the trial drugs
• •taking drugs that affect liver metabolism,corticosteroids,benzodiazepines,non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs),opioid agonist-antagonist,central-alpha 2-agonists,anticonvulsants,antidepressants within 72h.
• •with a history of alcohol or opioid abuse.
• •who were pregnant or lactating.
• •who were currently included in another clinical study within 3 months.